Berg, H (ed): Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins. Islamic History and Civilisation. Studies and Texts, Volume 49, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2003.

Berg, H, The Needle in the Haystack: Islamic Origins and the Nature of the Early Sources. In Carlos A. Segovia and Basil Lourié (eds): The Coming of the Comforter: When, Where, and to Whom? Studies on the Rise of Islam and Various Other Topics in Memory of John Wansbrough, xv–xxiv. Gorgias Press, 2012, pp.271-302.

Charfi, A: الاسلام بين الرسالة والتاريخ (‘Islam between the Message and the History’), 2^nd ed., Dār al-Ṭalīʽa, Beirut, 2008.

Cuypers, M: L’analyse rhetorique face á la critique historique de J. Wansbrough et de G. Lüling, in Carlos A. Segovia and Basil Lourié (eds): The Coming of the Comforter: When, Where, and to Whom? Studies on the Rise of Islam and Various Other Topics in Memory of John Wansbrough, xv–xxiv. Gorgias Press, 2012, pp.343-370.

Déroche, F: La genèse de la ‘Geschichte des Qorâns’ in Déroche, F et al : Les origines du Coran, le Coran des origines. Actes du colloque international organisé par l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres et la Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, les 3 et 4 mars 2011, Paris: Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 2015, pp.1-25.

Djait, H: تاريخية الدعوة المحمدية (‘The Historicity of Muhammad’s Call’), On the Prophet’s Sīra – 2 – Dār al-Ṭalīʽa, Beirut, 1999.

Donner, F: The historian, the believer, and the Qur’ān, in Reynolds, G (ed): New Perspectives on the Qur’ān – The Qur’ān in its historical context 2 from Rippin, A (ed): Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān, Routledge 2011, pp. 25-37.

Donner, F: The Qur’an in recent scholarship: challeges and desiderata in Reynolds, G (ed): The Qur’ān in its Historical Context, Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān. London / New York: Routledge, 2008. Pages 29-50.

Donner, F: The Study of Islam’s Origins since W. Montgomery Watt’s Publications Lecture, University of Edinburgh, 2015.

Gilliot, C: Le débat contemporain sur l’islam des origines (‘Contemporary debate on Early Islam’) 2012 G. 3. 139. From Thiérry Bianquis, Pierre Guichard, Matthieu Tillier (sous la direction de), Les Débuts du monde musulman. De Muhammad aux dynasties autonomes, Paris, PUF (Nouvelle Clio), 2012, chap. XXIV, 355-371.

Hughes, A: The Formative Period of Islam and the Documentary Approach: A Prolegomenon in A Legacy of Learning: Essays in Honor of Jacob Neusner, Brill, 2014, pp.372-385.

Humphreys, R: Islamic History, A Framework for Inquiry, Chapter Two: The Sources – An Analytical Survey, Princeton University Press, 1991.

Jablawi, A al-: الإسلام المبكر ، الاستشراق الأنجلوسكسوني الجديد , باتريسيا كرون ومايكل كوك نموذجا (‘Early Islam – New Anglo-Saxon Orientalism – Patricia Crone and Michael Cook as an example’). Al-Kamel Verlag, Köln, 2008.

Kiltz, D: Schatten über den Anfängen ? Wie viel sagen frühislamische Quellen über das aus, was wirklich war? in: Schneiders, Thorsten Gerald ( Hrsg.), Islamverherrlichung. Wenn die Kritik zum Tabu wird. VS Verlag, Wiesbaden 2010.

Motzki, H: Alternative Accounts of the Qur’ān’s Formation, June 2006.

Motzki, H: The Collection of the Qur’ān: A Reconsideration of Western Views in Light of Recent Methodological Developments, in Der Islam 78 (2001), 1-34.

Nickel, G: Mingana’s ‘Transmission of the Kur’an’ after 100 years in The Character of Christian-Muslim Encounter, Essays in Honour of David Thomas, Brill, 2015.

Ohlig, K: Neue Forschungsergebnisse zu den Anfängen des Islam: Eine Einkführung. Inārah, Symposium on the Early History of Islam and the Qur’ān, II. http://inarah.de/sammelbaende-und-artikel/inarah-band-5/vor-und-fruehgeschichte-des-islam/

Ohlig, K; Puin, G (eds): The Hidden Origins of Islam: New Research into Its Early History, Hans Schiller Verlag, 2005, Prometheus Books, 2008.

Ohlig, K: Wer hat den Koran geschrieben? Ein Versuch, Imprimatur, Jg. 47, 2014, Heft 4+5.

Ohlig, K: Wie der Koran wirklich enstand Publik-Forum 21, 2005 ,p62-63.

Ohlig, K: Zur Enthstehung und Frühgeschichte des Islam (Article).

Ohlig, K: Zur Entstehung und Frühgeschichte des Islam: Die religionswissenschaftliche Frage nach den Anfängen Lecture, Erfurt 2007

Reynolds, G: The Crisis of Qur’ānic Studies in The Qur’an and its Biblical Subtext. London: Routledge, 2010

Rippin, A – Western scholarship and the Qur’ān in McAuliffe, J (ed): The Cambridge Companion to the Qur’ān Cambridge University Press 2007, pages 235-251.

Robinson, C: Crone and the End of Orientalism

Robinson, C: Reconstructing Early Islam: Truth and Consequences, in Berg, H (ed): Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins. Islamic History and Civilisation. Studies and Texts, Volume 49, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2003, pp101-134.

Sadeghi, B (et al) (eds): Islamic Cultures, Islamic Contexts: Essays in Honor of Professor Patricia Crone, (eds. Behnam Sadeghi, Asad Q. Ahmed, Robert Hoyland, Adam Silverstein), Leiden: E. J. Brill 2014.

Segovia, C: Los orígenes del Corán, Del simulacro al laberinto. Revista de Libros, Febrero 2016.

Segovia, C: J. Wansbrough and the Problem of Islamic Origins in Recent Scholarship: A Farewell to the Traditional Account. From Carlos A. Segovia and Basil Lourié (eds): The Coming of the Comforter: When, Where, and to Whom? Studies on the Rise of Islam and Various Other Topics in Memory of John Wansbrough, xv–xxiv. Gorgias Press, 2012.

Sinai, N: Fortschreibung und Auslegung, Studien zur frühen Koraninterpretation, Harrassowitz Verlagen, Wiesbaden 2009.

Sinai, N: Gottes Wort und menschliche Deutung: Überlegungen zum Verhältnis von islamischer Schriftauslegung und historischer Kritik, in: Deutung des Wortes – Deutung der Welt im Gespräch zwischen Islam und Christentum, edited by Andreas Feldtkeller and Notger Slenczka, Leipzig 2015, pp. 151–171.

Steenbrink, K: New Orientalist Suggestions on the Origins of Islam The Journal of Rotterdam Islamic and Social Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2010

Wansbrough, J: Quranic Studies – Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation. Prometheus Books, New York,2004.

Wansbrough, J: Res Ipsa Loquitur: History and Mimesis in Berg, H (ed): Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins. Islamic History and Civilisation. Studies and Texts, Volume 49, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2003, pp.3-20.

Zadeh, T: Quranic Studies and the Literary Turn Review of Ernst, C: How to read the Qur’ān: A New Guide, with Select Translations, Chapel Hill, 2011.

The Late Antique Cultural Milieu

The historical, cultural and religious context for the development of early Islam

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History & Cultural Context

Azmeh, A al-: The Arabs and Islam in Late Antiquity: A Critique of Approaches to Arabic Sources, Gerlach Press 2014.

Azmeh, A al-: The Emergence of Islam in Late Antiquity, Allah and His People, Cambridge University Press, 2014.

Daryaee, T: Sasanian Persia, The Rise and Fall of an Empire, I.B Tauris, 2009.

Donner, F: The Historical Context, in McAuliffe, J (ed): The Cambridge Companion to the Qur’ān (Part I – Formation of the Qur’anic text), Cambridge University Press 2007, pp. 23-40.

Fowden, G: Before and After Muhammad: The First Millennium Revisited, Princeton University Press 2013.

Funke, P: Die syrisch-mesopotamische Staatenwelt in vorislamischer Zeit, Zu den arabischen Macht- und Staatenbildungen an der Peripherie der antiken Großmächte im Hellenismus und in der römischen Kaiserzeit, From Funck, B (Ed): Hellenismus. Beiträge zur Erforschung von Akkulturation und politischer Ordnung in den Staaten des hellenistischen Zeitalters, Tübingen 1996, S. 217-238

Hoyland, R: Insider and Outsider Sources: Historiographical Reflections on Late Antique Arabia, in J. Dijkstra and G. Fisher (eds), Inside and Out. Interactions between Rome and the Peoples on the Arabian and Egyptian Frontiers in Late Antiquity, LAHR 8.

Hoyland, R (ed) – The Late Antique World of Early Islam: Muslims among Christians and Jews in the East Mediterranean, Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam 25, Gerlach Press 2021.

Litvinsky, B (ed): History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Chapters 2-3 (Sasanian Iran), Chapters 17-18 (Religions and Religious Movements), Chapter 19 (The Arab Conquest) UNESCO Multiple History Series, 1996.

Nagel, T (ed.): Der Koran Und Sein Religiöses Und Kulturelles Umfeld, R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2010.

Neuwirth, A: Qur’an and History – A disputed relationship Journal of Qur’anic Studies.

Neuwirth, A; Sinai, N; Marx, M: The Qur’an in Context, Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qur’ānic Milieu from Böwering, G; McAuliffe, J: Texts and Studies on the Qur’ān, Vol.6, Brill 2010.

Pirenne, H: Mohammed and Charlemagne. London 1939. Original French text: Mahomet et Charlemagne, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 1992 (1e Edition, Bruxelles, 1937).

Retsö, J: The Road to Yarmuk: The Arabs and the Fall of the Roman Power in the Middle East in Aspects of Late Antiquity and Early Byzantium, Swedish Research institute in Istanbul Transactions, Vol.4. June 1992.

Reynolds, G: The Emergence of Islam – Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective, Fortress Press, Minneapolis 2012.

Reynolds, G (ed): The Qur’ān in its Historical Context London, Routledge 2008.

Reynolds, G (ed): New Perspectives on the Qur’ān – The Qur’ān in its historical context 2 from Rippin, A (ed): Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān, Routledge 2011.

Robinson, C (ed): The New Cambridge History of Islam – Vol 1 – Formation of the Islamic World Sixth to Eleventh Centuries, Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Rousseau, P (ed): A Companion to Late Antiquity, Blackwell Publications, 2009.

Shoemaker, S: Muhammad and the Qur’ān in The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Chapter 33.

Tannous, J: Syria between Byzantium and Islam: Making Incommensurables Speak. Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 2010.

Whittow, M: The late Roman / early Byzantine Near East in Robinson, C (ed): The New Cambridge History of Islam – Vol 1 – Formation of the Islamic World Sixth to Eleventh Centuries, Cambridge University Press, 2011, pages 72-97.

Wiesehöfer, J: The late Sasanian Near East in Robinson, C (ed): The New Cambridge History of Islam – Vol 1 – Formation of the Islamic World Sixth to Eleventh Centuries, Cambridge University Press, 2011, pages 98-152.

Religion

Azmeh, Aziz al-: Paleo-Islam: Transfigurations of Late Antique Religion, from A Companion to Religion in Late Antiquity, edd. J. Lōssl and N. Baker-Brian, Wiley, Blackwell, 2018.

Brown, P: The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity, The Journal of Roman Studies, Volume 61 (1971), 80-101.

Engles, D: Historising Religion between Spiritual Continuity and Friendly Takeover. Salvation History and Religious Competition during the First Millenium AD, in: D. Engels / P. Van Nuffelen (eds.), Religion and Competition in Antiquity, Bruxelles 2014,, 237-284 (Section on Islam pp.264-ff).

Hoyland, R: Early Islam as a Late Antique Religion, from Johnson, J (ed): The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity, Section: Religions and Religious Identity, Chapter 32, Oxford University Press, 2012.

Newby, G: The Rise of Islam, Time, and the End of Anxiety: Apocalypse and Apocalypticism in the East Mediterranean at the Beginnings of Islam. Monograph.

Stroumsa, G: From Abraham’s religion to the Abrahamic religions, Historia Religionum, 3, 2011, pp.11-22.

Stroumsa, G: The Making of the Abrahamic Religions in Late Antiquity, Oxford Studies in the Abrahamic Religions, Oxford University Press 2015.

Tesei, T: Some Cosmological Notions from Late Antiquity in Q 18:60–65: The Quran in Light of Its Cultural Context. Journal of the American Oriental Society 135,1 (2015) 19-32.

Wheeler, B – Animal sacrifice and the origins of Islam, Cambridge University Press 2022.

Pre-Islamic Arabia

The Arabian context for the development of early Islam

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Neuwirth, A: Locating the Qur’an in the Epistemic Space of Late Antiquity Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 54:2 (2013), ss.189-203.

The Political, Anthropological and Economic Environment

Aladieh, S: Meccan Trade Prior to the Rise of Islam, Doctoral Thesis, University of Durham, 1991.

Bonner, M: Commerce and Migration in Arabia before Islam: a Brief History of a Long Literary Tradition. From Iranian Languages and Culture, Chapter 5, 65-89.

Christides, V: The Himyarite-Ethiopian war and the Ethiopian occupation of South Arabia in the acts of Gregentius (ca. 530 A.D.). Annales d’Ethiopie, Année 1972 Volume 9 Numéro 1, pp. 115-146.

Crone, P: Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam Gorgias Press 20014.

Crone, P: تجارة مكة وظهور الاسلام (Arabic tr. of Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam ) Al-Mashrūʽ al-Qawmī lil-Tarjama, 2005.

Crone, P: How did the Quranic Pagans Make a Living? Bulletin of SOAS, 68, 3 (2005), 387-399.

Crone, P: Quraysh and the Roman army: Making sense of Meccan leather trade, Bulletin of SOAS, 70, 1 (2007), 63–88

Donner, F: The Role of Nomads in the Near East in Late Antiquity (400 – 800 c.e.) in Clover, F; Humphreys, R (eds): Tradition and Innovation in Late Antiquity. University of Wisconsin Press 1989.

Eickelman, D: Musaylimah: An Anthropological Appraisal, MA thesis, 1967.

Finster, B – Arabia in Late Antiquity: An Outline of the Cultural Situation in the Peninsula at the Time of Muhammad in Neuwirth, A; Sinai, N; Marx, M: The Qur’an in Context, Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qur’ānic Milieu from Böwering, G; McAuliffe, J: Texts and Studies on the Qur’ān, Vol.6, Brill 2010, pages 61-114.

Fisher, G: Arabia and the Late Antique East: Current Research, New Problems.

Fisher, G: Kingdoms or Dynasties? Arabs, History, and Identity Before Islam. Journal of Late Antiquity 4.2 (Fall): 245–267, 2011.

Ghabin, A: Some Jāhilī origins of the ḥisba, JSAI 35 (2008).

Henninger, J: Arabica Sacra: Aufsatze zur Religionsgeschichte Arabiens und seiner Randgebiete, Universitatsverlag Freiburg Schweiz; Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen, 1981.

Hoyland, R: Arabian Peninsula / pre-Islamic Arabia, Encyclopaedia of Islam III.

Korotayev, A; Klimenko, V; Proussakov, D: Origins of Islam: Political-Anthropological and Environmental Context. Acta Orientalia Academiae Sceintarum Hung. Vol. A2 (3-4), 243-276 (1999).

Lecker, M: Pre Islamic Arabia in Robinson, C (ed): The New Cambridge History of Islam – Vol 1 – Formation of the Islamic World Sixth to Eleventh Centuries, Cambridge University Press, 2011, pages 153-170.

Lindstedt, I: Pre-Islamic Arabia and Early Islam, in H Berg (ed.): Routledge Handbook on Early Islam, Routledge Abingdon, pp.159–176.

Macdonald, M (et al.): Arabs and Empires before the Sixth Century, in Fisher, G (ed): Arabs and Empires before Islam, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp.11-89.

Macdonald, M: Was there a “Bedouinization of Arabia”?, Der Islam 2015; 92(1): 42–84.

Morris, I: Mecca and Macoraba, Al- ‘Uṣūr al-Wustā 26 (2018): pp.1-60.

Retsö, J: Arabs, in Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics ed. K. Versteegh & al., Vol. I Leiden-Boston 2006 pp. 126-133.

Retsö, J: In the Shade of Himyar and Sasan. The Political History of Pre-Islamic Arabia According to the Ayyaam al-‘arab-Literature. Arabia 2 (2004) pp. 111-118.

Robin, C.J : L’Arabie à la Veille de L’Islam, La Campagne d’Abraha contre la Mecque, ou la Guerre des Pèlerinages in Colloque : Les Sanctuaires et leur Rayonnement dans le Monde Méditerranéen de l’Antiquité à l’Époque moderne, Paris, 2010.

Robin, C.J : The Peoples Beyond The Arabian Frontier In Late Antiquity: Recent Epigraphic Discoveries and Latest Advances, in Inside and Out: Interactions between Rome and the Peoples on the Arabian and Egyptian Frontiers in Late Antiquity edited by Jitse H.F. Dijkstra & Greg Fisher, Peeters Leuven, Paris, Walpole, MA 2014, pp.33-79.

Schiettecatte, J: À la veille de l’islam: effondrement ou transformation du monde antique ? In Ch. Robin & J. Schiettecatte (éd.), Les préludes de l’islam. Ruptures et continuités des civilisations du Proche-Orient, de l’Afrique orientale, de l’Arabie et de l’Inde à la veille de l’Islam (Orient et Méditerranée, 11), Paris, De Boccard, p. 9-36.

Shahid, I: Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fifth Century, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library, Washington, D.C. 1989, p.528ff.

Shahid, I: روما والعرب, مقدمة في دراسة العلاقات بين بيزنطة والعرب (‘Rome and The Arabs – A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs’) Tr.by Q. M Suwaydān. Dār Kīwān, Damascus.

Shahid, I – Rome and The Arabs – A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs

The Arabs played an important role in Roman-controlled Oriens in the four centuries or so that elapsed from the Settlement of Pompey in 64 B.C. to the reign of Diocletian, A.D. 284–305. In Rome and the Arabs Irfan Shahîd explores this extensive but poorly known role and traces the phases of the Arab-Roman relationship, especially in the climactic third century, which witnessed the rise of many powerful Roman Arabs such as the Empresses of the Severan Dynasty, Emperor Philip, and the two rulers of Palmyra, Odenathus and Zenobia. Philip the Arab, the author argues, was the first Christian Roman emperor and Abgar the Great (ca. 200 A.D.) was the first Near Eastern ruler to adopt Christianity. In addition to political and military matters, the author also discusses Arab cultural contributions, pointing out the role of the Hellenized and Romanized Arabs in the urbanization of the region and in the progress of Christianity, particularly in Edessa under the Arab Abgarids.

Tor, D: The Long Shadow of Pre-Islamic Iranian Rulership: Antagonism or Assimilation? in Late Antiquity: Eastern Perspectives, ed. A. Silverstein and T. Bernheimer. E.J.W. Gibb Memorial Series, Oxford: Oxbow, 2012, pp. 145-163.

Toral-Niehoff, I: Late Antique Iran and the Arabs: The Case of al-Hira, in Journal of Persianate Studies 6 (2013) 115-126’

Wood, P: Christianity and the Arabs in the sixth century in G. Fisher and J. Djikstra (eds.), Inside and Out: Interactions Between Rome and the Peoples on the Arabian and Egyptian Frontiers in Late Antiquity (Peeters, 2014).

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Arab paganism

Badawi, I – Female Divinity in the Qur’ān: In Conversation with the Bible and the Ancient Near East, London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2024.

Crone, P: The Religion of the Quranic Pagans; God and the Lesser Deities Arabica 57 (2010) 151-200.

Dost, S: Language of Ritual Purity in the Qur’ān and Old South Arabian, Pre-publication draft of article to appear in Scripts and Scripture: Writing and Religion in Arabia, 500–700 CE (Fred M. Donner & Rebecca Hasselbach-Andee, eds.). Chicago: Oriental Institute.

Hawting, G: The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam: From Polemic to History Cambridge, University Press, 1999

Hoyland, R: Arabia and the Arabs, from the Bronze Age to the coming of Islam, Routledge, London, New York, 2001.

Hussein, T: في الأدب الجاهلي (‘On pre-Islamic Literature’) 3^rd Ed. Faruq, Cairo, 1933.

Hussein, T: في الشعر الجاهلي (‘On pre-Islamic Poetry’) Dar al-Nadwa.

Kalbi, Hisham Ibn al-: The Book of Idols (online source)

Kalbi, Hisham Ibn al-: كتاب الأصنام (Arabic text) Ed. A. Basha, Dar al-Kutub, Cairo 1995.

Karmali, A, al-: اديان العرب و خرافاتهم (‘The Religions and Myths of the Arabs’), Al-Mu’assasat al-‘Arabiyya lil-Dirāsāt wal-Nashr, Beirut 2005.

Lecker, M: Was Arabian Idol Worship Declining on the Eve of Islam?, Lecture delivered at Yad Ben Zvi in Jerusalem,1999.

Macdonald, M: Goddesses, dancing girls or cheerleaders? Perceptions of the divine and the female form in the rock art of pre-Islamic North Arabia, Orient & Méditerranée, No.7. 2012.

Pavlovitch, P: On the Problem of the Pre-Islamic Lord of the Kaʽba. Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 2 (1998/99), pp.49-74.

Rubin, U: The Ka‘ba. Aspects of its Ritual Functions and Position in pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Times, J.S.A.I., 8, 1986 .

Seidensticker, T – Sources for the History of Pre-Islamic Religion in Neuwirth, A; Sinai, N; Marx, M: The Qur’an in Context, Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qur’ānic Milieu from Böwering, G; McAuliffe, J: Texts and Studies on the Qur’ān, Vol.6, Brill 2010, pages 293-322.

Webb, P: Creating Arab Origins: Muslim Constructions of al-Jāhiliyya and Arab History, Doctoral thesis, SOAS, London 2014.

Webb, P: Cry me a Jāhiliyya: Muslim Reconstructions of Pre-Islamic Arabian Culture – A Case Study in Islam at 250: Studies in Memory of G.H.A. Juynboll, 2020, pp.235-280.

Wellhausen, J: Reste arabischen Heidentums, Berlin 1897.

The Nabataeans

Alpass, P: The Religious Life of Nabataea, Doctoral thesis, Durham University, 2011.

Peterson, S: The Cult of Dushara and the Roman Annexation of Nabataea, Doctoral Thesis, McMaster University August 2006.

Politis, K: Nabataean Cultural Continuity into the Byzantine Period. From Politis, K (ed): The World of the Nabataeans : volume 2 of the International Conference The World of the Herods and the Nabataeans held at the British Museum, 17 – 19 April 2001, Stuttgart 2007, pp.187-200.

Wenning, R: The Nabataeans in History. From Politis, K (ed): The World of the Nabataeans : volume 2 of the International Conference The World of the Herods and the Nabataeans held at the British Museum, 17 – 19 April 2001, Stuttgart 2007, pp. 25-44.

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Pre-Islamic Arab monotheism

Gayda, I: Monothéisme en Arabie du Sud préislamique, Chroniques yéménites, 10, 2002 (online source)

Jallad, A al-: The ‘One’ God in a Safaitic inscription. An invocation to a hitherto unknown deity, ʾḥd ‘One’, which may be a title for the Jewish God, alongside an invocation to Allāt. Draft paper, Ohio State University, January 2019.

Jallad, A al-: The pre-Islamic basmala: Reflections on its first epigraphic attestation and its original significance. Draft paper, Ohio State University, June 2020.

Kister, M: Labbayka, Allahumma Labbayka …, On a monotheistic aspect of a Jahiliyya practice, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 2, 33–57.

Rubin, U: Hanifiyya and Ka‘ba. An inquiry into the Arabian pre-Islamic background of din Ibrahim, in: JSAI 13 (1990): 85-112.

Sayuti, N: The concept of Allah as the highest God in pre-Islamic Arabia (The study of pre-Islamic Arabic religious poetry), MA thesis, 1999.

Wheeler, B: Arab Prophets of the Quran and Bible. Journal of Quranic Studies 8.2 (2006): 24-57.

Zellentin, H: The Rise of Monotheism in Arabia, in Josef Lössl and Nicholas J. Baker-Brian (eds.), A Companion to Religion in Late Antiquity (Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World; Chichester: Wiley, 2018), 157-180.

Arab Judaism

Dozy, Reinhart: Die Israeliten zu Mekka von David’s Zeit bis ins fünfte Jahrhundert unserer Zeitrechnung. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1864

Hoyland, R: The Jews of the Hijaz in the Qur’ān and in their inscriptions in Reynolds, G (ed): New Perspectives on the Qur’ān – The Qur’ān in its historical context 2 from Rippin, A (ed): Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān, Routledge 2011, pp.91-116.

Lecker, M: Jews and Arabs in Pre- and Early Islamic Arabia. Ashgate Variorum, 1998.

Lecker, M: Muslims, Jews and Pagans: Studies on Early Islamic Medina, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1995. (Islamic History and Civilization.)

Margoliouth, D: The Relations between Arabs and Israelites Prior to the Rise of Islam The Schweich Lectures, British Academy, Oxford University Press, 1924.

Mazuz, H : Northern Arabia and its Jewry In Early Rabbinic Sources: More Than Meets the Eye, in Antiguo Oriente, Vol. 13, 2015, pp.149-168.

Nahee al-, O: The Jews of Najrān: Their origins and conditions during pre- and early Islamic history in Journal of History and Cultures (7) 2017: pp.29-43.

Newby, G : Scripture, Language, and the Jews of Arabia, in Donner, F and Hasselbach-Andee, R (edd.): Scripts and Scripture, Writing and Religion in Arabia circa 500-700 CE, Late Antique and Medieval Islamic Near East, No. 3, University of Chicago, 2022, pp.117-130.

Robin, C : Ḥimyar et Israël, Comptes rleus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 148th Year, N.2 2004, pp.831-908.

Robin, C : Quel Judaïsme en Arabie ? in Le judaïsme de l’Arabie Antique, Actes du Colloque de Jérusalem, Brepols Publishers 2015, pp.15-295.

Tobi, Y : The Jews of Yemen in light of the excavation of the Jewish synagogue in Qanī’, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 43 (2013): 1–8.

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Arab Christianity

Borge, K: A Historical Survey of the Rise and Spread of Christianity in Arabia in the First Six Centuries AD Academic Paper, April 2011.

Cheikho, L: النصرانية وآدابها بين عرب الجاهلية (‘Christianity and its Literature among the Pre-Islamic Arabs‘) Dar al-Sharq, 2nd ed. 1989.

Debié, M: Les controverses miaphysites en Arabie et le Coran, in Les controverses religieuses en syriaque, F. Ruani (dir.), Paris : Geuthner 2016 (Études syriaques 13), p. 137-156.

Fisher, G: From Mavia to al-Mundhir: Arab Christians and Arab Tribes in the Late Antique Near East.

Jeffery, A: Christianity in South Arabia Anglican Theological Review, Vol XXVII, No. 3, July 1945, pp.193-216.

Hainthaler, T: Christliche Araber vor dem Islam: Verbreitung und konfessionelle Zugehörigkeit; eine Hinführung, Eastern Christian Studies 7. Louvain, Peeters, 2007.

Hainthaler, T: المسيحيون العرب قبل الِإسلام (‘Arab Christians before Islam’) Arabic tr. of Christliche Araber vor dem Islam: Verbreitung und konfessionelle Zugehörigkeit; eine Hinführung, tr. L. Fāyid. Dār al-Nashr al-Usqufiyya, 2024.

Havenith, A: Les Arabes chrétiens nomades au temps de Mohammed, Louvain-la-Neuve, Centre d’Histoire des Religions (Collection Cerfaux-Lefort, 7), 1988.

Hellyer, P: Nestorian Christianity in the Pre-Islamic UAE and Southeastern Arabia Journal of Social Affairs, Volume 18, Number 72, Winter 2001.

Hoyland, R: Late Roman Provincia Arabia, Monophysite Monks and Arab Tribes: a Problem of Centre and Periphery. Semitica et Classica, International Journal of Oriental and Mediterranean Studies, Vol. 2, pp.117-139.

Kappers, M: Christianity in the Arabian Peninsula, Islam’s Stepping Stone, Research Paper, December 2014.

Lauth, R: Beith Allah. (That the Kaʽaba was built upon ruins of a Church) From Lauth, R: Abraham und die Kinder seines Bundes mit Gott, München 2003.

Lindstedt, I: The issue of pre-Islamic Arabic Christian poetry revisited.

Lourié, B: Friday Veneration in the Sixth- and Seventh-Century Christianity and the Christian Legends on Conversion of Nağrān. From Carlos A. Segovia and Basil Lourié (eds): The Coming of the Comforter: When, Where, and to Whom? Studies on the Rise of Islam and Various Other Topics in Memory of John Wansbrough, xv–xxiv. Gorgias Press, 2012, pp.131-230.

Nöldeke, T: Hatte Muḥammad christliche Lehrer?, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 12 (1858): 699-708.

Osman, G: Pre-Islamic Arab Converts to Christianity in Mecca and Medina: An Investigation into the Arabic Sources The Muslim world, Volume 95, January 2005, 66-80.

Segovia, C: Abraha’s Christological Formula *Rḥmnn w-Msḥ-hw* and Its Relevance for the Study of Islam’s Origins, Oriens Christianus, 98 (2015), pp.52-63.

Toral-Niehoff, I :The ʿIbād of al-Ḥīra: An Arab Christian Community in Late Antique Iraq in Neuwirth, A; Sinai, N; Marx, M: The Qur’an in Context, Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qur’ānic Milieu from Böwering, G; McAuliffe, J: Texts and Studies on the Qur’ān, Vol.6, Brill 2010, pages 323-348.

Trimingham, J: Christianity among the Arabs in pre-Islamic Times, London, Longman – Beirut, Librairie du Liban, 1979.

Turpin, J: Christianity in Western Arabia, A.D. 200-600 Iakovos Graduate Student Conference on Patristic Studies, Boston, MA, March 2014.

The Constituents of the Qur’ān

The religious doctrinal context for the development of early Islam

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Overviews

Bell, R: Sources of the Qur’an. Edinburgh: University Press, 1953 (online source)

Brown, R: Who was Allah before Islam? (On the Jewish/Christian origins of the term). From Toward Respectful Understanding and Witness among Muslims, Essays in Honor of J Dudley Woodbury, William Carey Library, 2012: 147-178.

Cook, D: The Beginnings of Islam as an Apocalyptic Movement, Journal of Millennial Studies Volume, no. 1 (2001).

Denkha, A: L’Eschatologie Musulmane Revue des Sciences religieuses, 87/2 (2013), 201-217.

Déroche, F et al : Les origines du Coran, le Coran des origines. Actes du colloque international organisé par l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres et la Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, les 3 et 4 mars 2011, Paris: Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 2015.

Dye, G: La théologie de la substitution du point de vue de l’islam, in Judaïsme, christianisme, islam. Le judaïsme entre “théologie de la substitution” et “théologie de la falsification”, Bruxelles, Didier Devillez Editeur, 2010, pp. 85-103.

Firestone, R: Abraham and Authenticity (The Concept of the Abrahamic Religions) Oxford University Press, 1991.

Gilliot, C : ‘Informants’ of Muhammad, in EQ (The Encyclopaedia of the Qur’ān), II, Leyde, Brill, 2002, p. 512-518.

Gilliot, C: Le Coran avant le Coran. Quelques réflexions sur le syncrétisme religieux en Arabie centrale, in Azaiez (Mehdi) (sous la direction de), avec la collaboration de Sabrina Mervin, Le Coran. Nouvelles approches, Paris, CNRS Editions, 2013, p. 145-187

Gilliot, C : Les ‘informateurs’ juifs et chrétiens de Muḥammad. Reprise d’un problème traité par Aloys Sprenger et Theodor Nöldeke (‘The Jewish and Christian informants of Muḥammad. Re-examination of an issue dealt with by Aloys Sprenger et Theodor Nöldeke’), 1998. (NB Large file: 89 MB).

Gilliot, C: Zur Herkunft der Gewährsmänner des Propheten (‘On the Origin of the informants of the Prophet’). From Hans-Heinz Ohlig und Gerd-Rüdiger Puin (hrsg. von), Die dunklen Anfänge. Neue Forschungen zur Entstehung und frühen Geschichte des Islam, Berlin, Verlag Hans Schiler, 2005, p. 148-169

Gonzalez-Ferrin, E: La Angustia de Abraham – Origenes Culturales del Islam, Almuzara 2013.

Hienz, J: The Origins of Muslims Prayer: Sixth and Seventh Century Religious Influences on the Salāt Ritual, MA Thesis. August 2008.

Hirschfeld, H: New Researches into the Composition and Exegesis of the Qur’an. London 1902.

Lindstedt, I: Muhammad and his followers in context: The Religious Map of Late Antique Arabia, Brill Leiden and Boston 2023.

Jeffery, A: The Qur’an as Scripture, Parts I-IV, The Muslim World, Volume 40 (1950), pp. 41-55; Volume 41 (1950), pp. 106-134; Volume 42 (1950), pp. 185-206; Volume 42 (1950), pp. 257-275.

Nöldeke, T: History of the Qur’an from Böwering, G; McAuliffe, J: Texts and Studies on the Qur’ān, Vol.8, Brill 2013.

Nöldeke, T: تاريخ القرآن (Arabic tr. of History of the Qur’an) Dār Nashr George Alms, Zurich, New York, 2000.

Nöldeke, T: The Qur’an: An Introductory Essay Ed. N. Newman, Interdisciplinary Biblical Research Institute, 1992.

Reynolds, G: Biblical Background to the Qur’an, in Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of the Qurʾān (Oxford: Blackwell, 2017), 303-19.

Reynolds, G: The Qur’an and the Bible Text and Commentary, Yale University Press, 2018.

Robbins, K; Newby, R: A Prolegomenon to the Relation of the Qur’ān and the Bible from Reeves, J (ed): Bible and Quran: Essays in Scriptural intertextuality, p23.

Rubin, U: Between Bible and Qur’ān, the Children of Israel and the Islamic Self-Image. Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam 17, 1999.

Sinai, N: Die heilige Schrift des Islams: Die wichtigsten Fakten zum Koran, Freiburg: Herder, 2012.

Smith, H: The Bible and Islam or the influence of the Old and New Testaments on the religion of Muhammad. The Ely Lectures for 1897. New York: Arno Press, 1973.

Suermann, H – Early Islam in the Light of Christian and Jewish Sources in Neuwirth, A; Sinai, N; Marx, M: The Qur’an in Context, Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qur’ānic Milieu from Böwering, G; McAuliffe, J: Texts and Studies on the Qur’ān, Vol.6, Brill 2010, pages 135-148.

Tesei, T: Hell Fire and Paradise Water: Qur’an’s Views of the Underworld in Light of its Late Antique Context Lecture paper given at the University of Utrecht 2012.

Tesei, T: The Quran(s) in Context(s) Lecture for the Polonsky Academy for Advanced Studies at the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute.

Tesei, T: The Qur’ānic Netherworld in Light of Some Eschatological and Cosmological Concepts from Late Antiquity Lecture paper given at the International Symposium “Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions”, Utrecht University, 2012.

Tisdall, St.Clair, W: The Sources of Islam. Reprinted in Colin Turner (ed.), The Koran: Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies: Translation and Exegesis (4 vols. London: Routledge Curzon, 2004).

Webb, P: Muḥammad’s ascension to the Heavenly Spheres: ‘Utopian Travel’: Fact and Fiction in making Utopias. Middle Eastern Literatures, 2012.

Weil, G: Historisch-kritische Einleitung in den Qur’ān, 2nd Ed. Bielefeld and Leipzig, 1878.

Weil, G: Mohammed der Prophet, Sein Leben und seine Lehre, Stuttgart 1843.

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Mythological / Pagan elements

Hughes, A : The stranger at the sea: Mythopoesis in the Qur’ân and early tafsîr. Studies in Religion / Sciences Religieuses 32/3 (2003): 261-279.

Sfar, M: Le Coran, la Bible et l’Orient ancien, Paris : Mondher SFAR, 2e édition, 1998.

Stewart, G: The mysterious letters and other formal features of the Qur’ān in light of Greek and Babylonian oracular texts in Reynolds, G (ed): New Perspectives on the Qur’ān – The Qur’ān in its historical context 2 from Rippin, A (ed): Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān, Routledge 2011, pp.323-348.

Tisdall, T: The Original Sources of the Qur’an Its Origin in Pagan Religions and Mythology, 1905.

Zwemer, S: The Influence of Animism on Islam, An Account of Popular Superstitions, Macmillan, New York, 1920.

The Alexander Romance

van Bladel, K: The Alexander Legend in the Qur’ān 18:83-102 in The Qur’ān in its Historical Context. Edited by Reynolds, Gabriel Said. Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān. London / New York: Routledge, 2007. Pages 175-203.

The Seven Sleepers / Aṣḥāb al-Kahf

Allgeier, A (ed) – Untersuchungen zur syrischen Überlieferung der Siebenschläferlegende und Die älteste Gestalt der Siebenschläferlegende, Gorgias Press, Analecta Gorgiana; 440, 2010. Syriac text and German translation, Part IV: pp.1-43.

Archer, G: The Hellhound of the Qur’an: A Dog at the Gate of the Underworld, Journal of Qur’anic Studies 18.3 (2016): 1–33, Edinburgh University Press.

Gobillot, G: Die „Legenden der Alten“ im Qur’ān, Die Erzählung von den Schläfern in der Höhle und der Alexander-Roman anhand von Sure 18, Inarah.

Griffith, S: Christian Lore and the Arabic Qurʾān: the “Companions of the Cave” in Sūrat al-Kahf and in Syriac Christian Tradition, in Reynolds, G (ed): The Qur’ān in its Historical Context London, Routledge 2008, pp.109–138.

Grysa, B: The Legend of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus in Syriac and Arab sources – a comparative study in Orientalia Christiana Cracoviensia 2015.

La Spisa, P and Roggema, B: The Seven Sleepers Legend as a case of universal hagiography (The EuTradOr interdisciplinary research project), in EURAS Journal of Social Science, 2003.

Massignon, L: Les Sept Dormants , Apocalypse de l’Islam, in Analecta Bollandiana, Vol. 68 (1950).

Massignon, L: Les Sept Dormants d’Ephèse (Ahl al-Kahf) en Islam et n Chrétienté, Recueil Documentaire et Iconographique, P. Geuthner, Paris, 1955.

Zoroastrian elements

Courtieu, G: Le bonheur auprès d’Allah ou de Khosroes? Le faste du banquet perse dans les versets paradisiaques du Coran.

Goldziher, I: Islamisme et Parsisme, in Revue de l’Histoire des Religions, Vol. 43, Paris 1901, pp.1-29. (N.B.: large file, 75MB)

Goldziher, I: Islam und Parsismus, tr. W. Müller, from the French original Islamism et Parsisme, in Revue de l’Histoire des Religions, Vol. 43, Paris 1901, pp.1-29.

Tesei, T: The barzakh and the Intermediate State of the Dead in the Qur’ān From Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions, Part 1 Quranic Netherworlds, Chapter 2. Utrecht 2012.

Manichaean elements

Anon.:Sun and Moon, Manichean echoes in the Qur’an. An analysis of Quranic verses and Manichean beliefs, highlighting similarities between the two traditions.

Pettipiece, T: Manichaeism at the Crossroads of Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Traditions in Patristic Studies in the Twenty-first Century: Proceedings of an International Conference to Mark the 50th Anniversary of the International Association of Patristic Studies, Eds. Brouria Bitton-Askelony, Theodore de Bruyn, Carol Harrison, 2015.

Reeves, J: Manichaeans as Ahl al-Kitab: A Study in Manichaean Scripturalism, in Armin Lange, et al., eds., Light Against Darkness: Dualism in Ancient Mediterranean Religion and the Contemporary World (Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2011), 249-265.

Stroumsa, G; Stroumsa, S: Aspects of Anti-Manichaean Polemics in Late Antiquity and Under Early Islam, HTR 81:1 (1988), pp.37-58.

Stroumsa, G: Seal of the Prophets: the Nature of a Manichaean Metaphor in Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 7 (1986), pp.61-74.

Van Oort, J – Manichaean Eschatology: Gnostic-Christian Thinking about Last Things, in Wieser, V, Eltschinger, V and Heiss, J: Cultures of Eschatology, Volume 1: Empires and Scriptural Authorities in Medieval Christian, Islamic and Buddhist Communities – Volume 2: Time, Death and Afterlife in Medieval Christian, Islamic and Buddhist Communities. De Gruyter, 2020, pp.181-193.

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Judaic elements

Ahmed, W: Lot’s daughters in the Qur’ān: an investigation through the lens of intertextuality in Reynolds, G (ed): New Perspectives on the Qur’ān – The Qur’ān in its historical context 2 from Rippin, A (ed): Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān, Routledge 2011, pp.411-424.

Albairak, I – Qur’anic Narrative and Israiliyyat in Western Scholarship and in Classical Exegesis Thesis, Universtiy of Leeds, May 2000.

Azaiez, M: Les contre-discours eschatologiques dans le Coran et le traité du Sanhédrin in Déroche, F et al : Les origines du Coran, le Coran des origines. Actes du colloque international organisé par l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres et la Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, les 3 et 4 mars 2011, Paris: Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 2015, pp.111-128.

Bashear, S: “Abraham’s Sacrifice of His Son and Related Issues.” Der Islam 67.2 (1990): 243–277.

Beck, D: Maccabees Not Mecca: The Biblical Subtext of Sūrat al-Fīl (Q 105).

Crone, P – The Book of Watchers in the Qur’ān From Ben-Shammai, H; Shaked, Sh; Stroumsa, S: Exchange and Transmission Across Cultural Boundaries, Philosophy, Mysticism and Science in the Mediterranean World. The Israel Academy of sciences and humanities, Jerusalem 2013.

Cuypers, M : La sourate 81, « L’obscurcissement », et le chapitre 10 du Testament de Moïse.

Erder, Y: The Origin of the Name Idrīs in the Qurʾān: A Study of the Influence of Qumran Literature on Early Islam, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 49, No. 4 (Oct., 1990), pp. 339-350.

Firestone, R: Abraham’s Association with the Meccan Sanctuary and the Pilgrimage in the Pre Islamic and Early Islamic Periods. Le Museon Revue d’Etudes Orientales, 1991 p.104.

Firestone, R: Is there a notion of “divine election” in the Qur’ān? in Reynolds, G (ed): New Perspectives on the Qur’ān – The Qur’ān in its historical context 2 from Rippin, A (ed): Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān, Routledge 2011, pp.393-410.

Firestone, R: Journeys in Holy Lands: The Evolution of the Abraham Ishmael Legends in Islamic Exegesis. SUNY Press, 1990.

Firestone, R – Muhammad, the Jews of Medina, and the Composition of the Qur’an: Sacred History and Counter-History, MDPI, Religions 2019, 10, 63.

Firestone, R: Ritual Similarities and Differences between Judaism and Islam, Rituals, Similarities, Influences and Processess of Differentiation, Two Religions of the Law, 701- 711.

Firestone, R: The ‘Other’ Ishmael in Islamic Scripture and Tradition in The Politics of the Ancestors: Exegetical and Historical Perspectives on Genesis 12-36, 2018.

Firestone, R: The Problem of Sarah’s Identity in Islamic Exegetical Tradition in The Muslim World 80 (1990) pp. 65–71.

Firestone, R – The Qur’an and Judaism in Oxford Handbook of Qur’anic Studies 2020.

Firestone, R: The Qur’an and the Bible: Some Modern Studies of Their Relationship in John C. Reeves, ed., Bible and Qur’an: Essays in Scriptural Intertextuality. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003, 1-22

Galadari, A: The Qibla: An Allusion to the Shemaʽ, in Comparative Islamic Studies, 9(2): 165-193.

Geiger, A: Judaism and Islām Bangalore 1896 (English tr. by F. Young of Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judenthume aufgenommen? Wiesbaden 1833.

Graves, M: The Upraised Mountain and Israel’s Election in the Qur’an and Talmud, Cocparative Islamic Studies, Equinox Publishing, 2018.

Haase, F: Comparison of the Hebrew Writings and Bible (Genesis 37-42) with Quranic Sura Yusuf as Example for Cultural Adaption, (A Study of a Cross-Cultural Differentiation Process of Textual and Oral Traditions for Religious Writings Under the Historical Conditions of Middle East Societies) in Journal of Religious Culture, No. 105 (2008).

Hirschfeld, H: Beitrage zur Erklarung des Koran, Leipzig, 1886.

Hirschfeld, H: Judische Elemente im Koran, Berlin 1878

Hoyland, R: Sebeos, the Jews and the Rise of Islam Harwood Academic Publishers, 1995.

Hughes, A – Messianism and the Shadow of History – Judaism and Islam in a Time of Uncertainty inDaneshgar, M and Salih, W (edd): Islamic Studies Today – Essays in honor of Andrew Rippin, (Leiden: Brill, 2016), pp.145-163.

Kister, M: Islām – Midrashic Perspectives on a Quranic Term, Journal of Semitic Studies 63 (2018), pp. 381-406.

Livni-Kafri, O: The Muslim Traditions ‘In Praise of Jerusalem’ (Faḍā’il al-Quds): Diversity and Complexity in Annali 58 (1998), pp.165-192.

Mazuz, H: The Relationship between Islam and Judaism: A Neglected Aspect, in The Review of Rabbinic Judaism 16 (2013) 28–40

Mohammed, Kh: The Origins of the Muslim prayer, in Medieval Encounters, Jewish, Christian and Muslim Culture in Confluence and Dialogue Vol. 5, No.1, March 1999, Brill, Leiden.

Neuwirth, A: A ‘Religious Transformation in late Antiquity’ – From Tribal Genealogy to Divine Covenant: Qurʾānic Refigurations of Pagan-Arab Ideals Based on Biblical Models This is a draft translation of Neuwirth, A: Eine ‘religiöse Mutation der Spätantike’: Von Tribaler Genealogie zum Gottesbund. Koranische Refigurationen pagan-arabischer Ideale nach biblischen Modellen from Renger, A-B; Toral-Nielhoff, I (eds): Genealogie und Migratoinsmythen im antiken MIttelmeerraum und auf der Arabischen Halbinsel, Berlin Studies of the Ancient World, 29.

Neuwirth, A – Qurʾanic Readings of the Psalms in Neuwirth, A; Sinai, N; Marx, M: The Qur’an in Context, Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qur’ānic Milieu from Böwering, G; McAuliffe, J: Texts and Studies on the Qur’ān, Vol.6, Brill 2010, pages 733-778.

Neuwirth, A: Qur’anic Studies and Historical-Critical Philology: The Qur’an’s Staging, Penetrating, and Eclipsing of Biblical Tradition. Lecture paper, International Qur’anic Studies Association Conference, November 2014.

Pregill, M: ‘A Calf, A Body That Lows’: The Golden Calf from Late Antiquity to Classical Islam in The Reception of Golden Calf Traditions in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, ed. Alec Lucas, Eric Mason, and Edmondo Lupieri

Pregill, M: Isra’iliyyat, Myth, and Pseudepigraphy: Wahb b. Munabbih and the Early Islamic Versions of the Fall of Adam and Eve. Jerusalem studies in Arabic and Islam, 34 (2008).

Pregill, M: The Hebrew Bible and the Quran: The Problem of the Jewish ‘influence’ on Islam, Religion Compass 1/6 (2007): 643–659.

Reed, A: Fallen Angels and the Afterlives of Enochic Traditions in Early Islam. Paper prepared for precirculation at Fourth Nangeroni Meeting, Milan, Italy, 15-19 June 2015

Reeves, J: Con-‘text’-ualizing Bible in/and/with Qur’an, Mizan Project.

Reeves, J: Resurgent Myth: On the Vitality of the Watchers Traditions in the Near East in Late Antiquity, in Harkins, A; Bautch, K; Endres, J (eds): The Fallen Angels Traditions: Second Temple Developments and Reception History, CBQMS 53; Washington, D.C.: The Catholic Biblical Association of America, 2014), 94-115. (‘Early Muslim Use of the Watcher Myth’ on p.13ff of the online publication).

Reeves, J: Some Explorations of the Intertwining of Bible and Qur’ān, in Bible and Qurān: Essays in Scriptural Intertextuality (ed. John C. Reeves; Leiden and Atlanta: Brill/Society of Biblical Literature, 2003), 43-60.

Reeves, J: Some Parascriptural Dimensions of the ‘Tale Of Hārūt And Mārūt’. Journal of the American Oriental Society 135 (2015): 817-842.

Reeves, J: The Eschatological Reappearance of the Staff of Moses, Trajectories in Near Eastern Apocalyptic, 2005 (updated).

Reeves, J: The Muslim Appropriation of a Biblical Text: The Messianic Dimensions of Isaiah 21:6-7, in Kenneth G. Holum and Hayim Lapin, (eds.), Shaping the Middle East: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in an Age of Transition 400-800 C.E. (Bethesda, Md.: University Press of Maryland, 2011), 211-222.

Reynolds, G: Reading the Qur’ān as Homily: the Case of Sarah’s Laughter, in Neuwirth, A; Sinai, N; Marx, M: The Qur’an in Context, Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qur’ānic Milieu from Böwering, G; McAuliffe, J: Texts and Studies on the Qur’ān, Vol.6, Brill 2010, pp.585-592.

Rubin, U:‘Become you apes, repelled!’ (Quran 7:166): The transformation of the Israelites into apes and its biblical and midrashic background.Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 78, 1 (2015), 25–40.

Rubin, U: Islamic Retellings of Biblical History. From Y. Tzvi Langermann and Josef Stern (eds.), Adaptations and Innovations: Studies on the Interaction between Jewish and Islamic Thought and Literature from the Early Middle Ages to the Late Twentieth Century, Dedicated to Professor Joel L. Kraemer (Paris, 2007), 299-313.

Rubin, U: Moses and the Holy Valley Ṭuwan: On the biblical and midrashic background of a qurʾānic scene. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 73 no. 1 (2014), 73-81.

Rubin, U: Muḥammad the exorcist: aspects of Islamic-Jewish polemics. JSAI 30 (2005).

Rubin, U: The life of Muḥammad and the Qur’ān: the case of Muḥammad’s hijra. JSAI 28 (2003) (on the biblical and midrashic background to Muhammad’s shelter in the cave [Q 9:40]).

Rubin, U: Traditions in Transformation. The Ark of the Covenant and the Golden Calf in Biblical and Islamic Historiography. Oriens 36 (2001), 196-214.

Rudolph, W: Die Abhängigkeit des Qorans von Judentum und Christentum, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1922.

Schapiro, I: Die Haggadischen Elemente im Erzählenden Teil des Korans. Fock: Leipzig, 1907.

Silverstein, A : On the original meaning of the Qur’ānic term ‘al-Shaytān al-Rajīm’, Journal of the American Oriental Society, January 2013

Smith, A: Moses and Pharaoh’s Magicians: A Discursive Analysis of theQur’anic Narratives in the Light of Late Antique Texts and Traditions in Journal of Qur’anic Studies 20.1 (2018): 67-104.

Speyer, H: Die biblischen Erzählungen im Qoran Darmstadt, 1961.

Stetkevych, S: Solomon and Mythic Kingship in the Arab-Islamic Tradition: Qaṣīdah, Qurʾān and Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ, Journal of Arab Literature, 48 (2017), pp. 1-37.

Sucz, S: Ursprung und Wiedergabe der biblischen Eigennamen im Qur’ān Kauffmann, Frankfurt, 1903.

Tesei, T: Echoes of Pseudepigrapha in the Qur’ān, in Segovia, C.A., Remapping Emergent Islam: Texts, Social Settings, and Ideological Trajectories. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020, pp.203-220.

Torrey, C: The Jewish Foundation of Islam Jewish Institute of Religion Press, New York, 1933.

Weil, G: Biblical Legends of the Mussulmans, Compiled from Arabic Sources, and Compared with Jewish Traditions, London 1846.

Wheeler, B: Moses in the Qur’an and Islamic Exegesis, Routledge Curzon, 2002.

Wheeler, B: ‘The ‘New Torah’: Some Early Islamic Views of the Quran and other Revealed Books in Graeco-Arabica 7-8 (1999-2000): 371-604.

Zellentin, H: Trialogical Anthropology: The Qurʾān on Adam and Iblis in View of Rabbinic and Christian Discourse, in Rüdiger Braun and Hüseyin Çiçek (eds.), The Quest for Humanity – Contemporary Approaches to Human Dignity in the Context of the Qurʾānic Anthropology(Cambridge Scholars Press, 2017), 54-125.

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Christian elements

Ahrens, K: Christliches im Qoran I ZDMG vol. 84 (1930).

Ahrens, K: Christliches im Qoran III ZDMG vol. 84 (1930).

Anthony, S: Muḥammad, Menaḥem, and the Paraclete: New Light on Ibn Isḥāq’s (d. 150/767) Arabic Version of John 15:23-16:1, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 2016.

Baumstark, A: Eine altarabische Evangelienübersetzung aus dem Christlich-Palästinensischen, (‘An old Arabic translation of the Gospel from Christian Palestinian’), Zeitschrift für Semitistik und verwandte Gebiete / hrsg. im Auftr. der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. Leipzig : Brockhaus, 1922 – 1935, pp.201-209.

Beaufort, J: Arianer und Aliden, Über die gnostischen Ursprünge des Christentums und der Shi’at ‘Ali. Zeitensprünge Jg. 21, Heft 1, April 2009.

Block, C: Competing Christian Narratives on the Qur’an. Adaptation from Block, J: The Qur’an in Christian-Muslim Dialogue: Historical and Modern Interpretations, ed. Ian Richard Netton, Islamic Culture and Civilization (London: Routledge, 2013).

Block, C: ‘Philoponian Monophysitism in South Arabia at the Advent of Islam with Implications for the English Translation of ‘Thalātha’ in Qurʾān 4. 171 and 5. 73’. Journal of Islamic Studies Vol. 23, No. 1 (January 2012), pp. 50-75.

Bowman, J: Holy Scriptures, Lectionaries and the Qur’an, in International Congress for the Study of the Qur’an, Australian National University, Canberra, 8-13 May 1980. Edited by Johns, Anthony Hearle. Canberra: Australian National University, , Canberra, ANU, 1983 second ed., pp.29-37.

Bowman, J: The Debt of Islam to Monophysite Syrian Christianity. In Essays in Honour of G.W. Thatcher, Sydney University Press, 1967.

Bell, R: Christian Influences in Early Islam The Gunning Lectures, Edinburgh University, 1925.

Bell, R: The Origin of Islam in its Christian Environment London: Macmillan, 1926. (online source)

Casado, P : La caída cristiana del ángel, huella en el Corán. (The connection between the Koran and the Syriac literature demonstrates that the episode of the fall of the angel in which the motifs of fire and clay appear has its origin in the Syriac apocryphal story ‘The Cavern of Treasures’). Revista Española de Teología 76 (2016) 305-329.

Deus, A: The Umayyad Dynasty’s Conversion to Islam: Putting Muslim Traditions into the Historical Context From the Low Point Until ca. 692 AD. (That the origin of Islam rests on Arian Christianity with an adaptation of Nestorianism and Judeo-Messianism, and that the leading members of the clan were unwavering (Melkite) Christians).

Dye, G: Nuove prospettive sulla mariologia coranica University of Siena, 2014.

El-Badawi, E: Condemnation in the Qur’ān and the Syriac Gospel of Matthew in Reynolds, G (ed): New Perspectives on the Qur’ān – The Qur’ān in its historical context 2 from Rippin, A (ed): Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān, Routledge 2011, pp.449-466.

El-Badawi, E: Divine Kingdom in Syriac Matthew and the Qur’ān Journal of Eastern Christian Studies, 61 (1-2), 1-42, 2009.

Gilliot, C: Christians and Christianity in Islamic Exegesis in Thomas, D and Roggema, B (edd.): Christian-Muslim relations. A Bibliographical history, I (600-900), 2009.

Graves, M: ‘Apocryphal’ Elements in the New Testament and Qur’an, Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 47:2, Spring 2012.

Griffith, S: Christian Lore in the Arabic Qur’ān: The ‘Companions of the Cave’ in Sūrat al-Kahf and in Syriac Christian Tradition in The Qur’ān in its Historical Context. Edited by Reynolds, Gabriel Said. Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān. London / New York: Routledge, 2007. Pages 109-137.

Grodzki, M: Günter Lüling – Islam as a non-trinitarian faith of Semitic forefathers in Die Entstehung einer Weltreligion V, Der Koran als Werkzeug der Herrschaft, Inârah publications, Band 9, 2020, pp.372-423.

Haddad, Y. D al-: الانجيل في القرآن (‘The Gospel in the Qur’ān’), Beirut: 3^rd edition, Librairie Pauliste.

Haddad, Y. D al-: القرآن دَعَوة نصْرانيّة (‘The Qur’an is a “Nazaritic” Mission’). Part 1 (Chapters 1-3); Part 2 (Chapters 4-7).

Haddad, Y. D al- : القرآن والكتاب – 1 – بيئة القرآن الكتابية (‘The Qur’an and the Book – 1 – The Clerical Milieu of the Qur’an’). Qur’ānic Studies (2), Muhammedanism.org. September 2010.

Hariri, A-M al-: أعربي هو؟ بحث في عروبة الإسلام (‘Was he an Arab? Research on the Arab Character of Islam’), 2007.

Hariri, A-M al-: عالم المعجزات – بحث في تاريخ القرآن (‘The World of Miracles; a Study on the History of the Qur’ān’) 1986.

Hariri, A-M al-: قس ونبي – بحث في نشأة الإسلام (‘Priest and Prophet’ – A Study on the Origin of Islam’). 1979.

Janiszewski, T: Paradise in the Qur’an and Ephrem the Syrian in Reynolds, G: The Bible and the Qur’ān, 2014.

Keating, S: Revisiting the Charge of Taḥrīf: The Question of Supersessionism in Early Islam and the Qurʾān (2014).

Klausnitzer, W : Das Jesusbild des Koran www.theologie.uni-wuerzburg.de

Lüling, G – Über den Ur-Qur’ān, Ansätze zur Rekonstruktion vorislamischer christlicher Strophenlieder im Qur’ān , 1974. (‘Approaches to a reconstruction of pre-Islamic Christian verse songs in the Qur’ān’).

Marx, M – Glimpses of a Mariology in the Qurʾan: From Hagiography to Theology via Religious-Political Debate in Neuwirth, A; Sinai, N; Marx, M: The Qur’an in Context, Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qur’ānic Milieu from Böwering, G; McAuliffe, J: Texts and Studies on the Qur’ān, Vol.6, Brill 2010, pages 533-564.

Mourad, S: Mary in the Qur’ān: a reexamination of her presentation in Reynolds, G (ed): The Qur’ān in its Historical Context, Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān. London / New York: Routledge, 2008. Pages 163-174.

Neuenkirchen, P: Visions et Ascensions. Deux péricopes coraniques à la lumière d’un apocryphe chrétien, Journal Asiatique 302/2, pp. 303-347.

Neuwirth, A: Mary and Jesus – Counterbalancing the Biblical Patriarchs – A re-reading of sūrat Maryam in sūrat Āl ‘Imrān (Q 3:1-62) Parole de l’Orient 30 (2005) 231-260.

Ohlig, K: Allah und der christliche Gott, Historisch-theologische und inhaltliche Eigentümlichkeiten, in Reinhard Göllner (Hg.), Das Ringen um Gott. Gottesbilder im Spannungsfeld von subjektivem Glauben und religiöser Tradition, Universität Bochum, LIT-Verlag: Berlin 2008, 95-116. Inarah.de.

Ohlig, K – From muḥammad Jesus to Prophet of the Arabs, The Personalization of a Christological Epithet (Preliminary note) in Ohlig, K( ed): Early Islam, A Critical Reconstruction based on Contemporary Sources, Prometheus Books, 2013, pp. 251-305.

Ohlig, K: Vom muhammad Jesus zum Propheten der Araber: Die Historisierung eines christologischen Prädikats. Inarah.de.

Reynolds, G: On the Presentation of Christianity in the Qurʾān and the Many Aspects of Qur’anic Rhetoric. Al-Bayān – Journal of Qurʾān and Ḥadīth Studies 12 (2014) 42-54.

Reynolds, G: On the Qur’anic Accusation of Scriptural Falsification (taḥrīf) and Christian Anti-Jewish Polemic. Journal of the American Oriental Society 130.2 (2010).

Reynolds, G: The Qur’ān and the apostles of Jesus. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, May 2013, pp.1-19.

Rudolph, W: Die Abhängigkeit des Qorans von Judentum und Christentum, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1922.

Samir, S.K: The Theological Christian Influence on the Qur’ān: A Reflection in The Qur’ān in its Historical Context. Edited by Reynolds, Gabriel Said. Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān. London / New York: Routledge, 2007. Pages 141-162.

Segovia, C: Reimagining the Early Quranic Milieu, A Symptomatic Reading of Q 17:79, 43:36, 73:1-8, 74:43, 76:26, and 108, redefining the historical setting of the early quranic milieu in light of the east-Syrian monastic crisis of the early 7th century. Seminar on Asceticism and the Study of Religions at the Department of the Study of Religion of Aarhus University in November 2017.

Segovia, C: The Jews and Christians of Pre-Islamic Yemen (Himyar) and the Elusive Matrix of the Qur’ān’s Christology. From Jewish Christianity and Islamic Origins, ed. Francisco del Río Sanchez

Shoemaker, S: Christmas in the Qur’ān: the Qur’ānic Account of Jesus’s Nativity and Palestinian Local Tradition. Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 2003.

Sinai, N : The Christian Elephant in the Meccan Room: Dye, Tesei, and Shoemaker on the Date of the Qurʾān, in J. Int. Qur’anic Stud. Assoc. 2024.

Slade, D: Arabia Haeresium Ferax (Arabia Bearer of Heresies): Schismatic Christianity’s Potential Influence on Muhammad and the Qur’an in American Theological Inquiry, January 15, 2014, Vol. 7, No.1, pp.43-53.

Stroumsa, G: Christian Memories and Visions of Jerusalem in Jewish and Islamic Context , in Grabar, O; Zeev Kedar, B (eds): Where Heaven and Earth Meet: Jerusalem’s Holy Esplanade, Universtiy of Texas Press (2009) 321-333.

Tesei, T: The Fall of Iblīs and Its Enochic Background, Chapter 6, Religious Stories in Transformation: Conflict, Revision and Reception, Brill, Leiden, 2016.

Toral-Niehoff, I: Eine poetische Gestaltung des Sündenfalls: Das Mythos in dem vorislamisch-arabischen Schöpfungsgedicht von ‘Adī b. Zaid (‘A Poetic Composition of the Fall: Myth in the pre-Islamic Arab Creation Poem of ‘Adī b. Zaid’) in: D. Hartwig, W. Homolka, M J. Marx, A. Neuwirth (eds.) : “Im Vollen Licht der Geschichte“ – Die Wissenschaft des Judentums und der Beginn einer historisch-kritischen Koranforschung, Würzburg 2008, 235-256.

Van Reeth, J: Who is the ‘other’ Paraclete? in Carlos A. Segovia and Basil Lourié (eds): The Coming of the Comforter: When, Where, and to Whom? Studies on the Rise of Islam and Various Other Topics in Memory of John Wansbrough, xv–xxiv. Gorgias Press, 2012, pp.423-452.

Wilde, C: Jesus and Mary: Qur’ānic Echoes of Syriac Homilies? in Scriptural Interpetation at the Interface between Education and Religion, ed. F. Wilk, Brill 2019, pp.284-302.

Wilde, C: A Qur’ānic Critique of Late Antique Scholasticism?, IV International Syriac Symposium in Princeton, NJ.

Witztum, J: Joseph among the Ishmaelites: Q 12 in light of Syriac sources in Reynolds, G (ed): New Perspectives on the Qur’ān – The Qur’ān in its historical context 2 from Rippin, A (ed): Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān, Routledge 2011, pp.425-448.

Wolfson, H: An Unknown Splinter Group of Nestorians, Revue des Études Augustiniennes 6:3 (1960): 249-253.

Wortley, J: Prayer and the Desert Fathers (on the precedent for ‘praying without ceasing’ and for the ‘chanting’ out loud of the text). From Carlos A. Segovia and Basil Lourié (eds): The Coming of the Comforter: When, Where, and to Whom? Studies on the Rise of Islam and Various Other Topics in Memory of John Wansbrough, xv–xxiv. Gorgias Press, 2012, pp.109-130.

Zinner, S – The Syrian Gospel of Thomas and the Syriac Peshitta Bible: Their Relevance for Qurʾānic Studies, Presentation for the Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran conference, The Qurʾān and the Bible: Comparative Studies, 2-10 September 2021.

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Judeo-Christian Apocalypticism, Eschatology and Messianism

Arjomand, S: Origins and Development of Apocalypticism and Messianism in Early Islam, Lecture paper for the Congress of the International Committee of the Historical Sciences, Oslo 2000.

Beck, D: Quranic Fire and Quranic Sins: The Eschatological Curses of Q 111 (Sūrat Al-Masad) and Q 85 (Sūrat Al-Burūğ) In Their Late Antique Apocalyptic Context

Cameron, A : Late Antique Apocalyptic: a Context for the Qur’an? From Hagit Amirav, Emmanouela Grypeou and Guy G. Stroumsa, eds., Visions of the End: Apocalypticism and Eschatology in the Abrahamic Religions, 6th-8th Centuries, Leuven, 2015

Casey, D : Mohammad the Eschatological Prophet in Religious Conflict from Early Christianity to Early Islam (Arbeiten zur Kirchengeschichte 121) Wendy Mayer and Bronwen Neil, eds. (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2013).

Conrad, L: Heraclius in Early Islamic Kerygma in Reinink, G and Stolte H (edd.): The Reign of Heraclius (610-641): Crisis and Confrontation, Peeters 2002, pp.113-156.

Donner, F: La Question du Messianisme dans l’Islam Primitif. From Mahdisme et millénarisme en Islam. Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, 91-94, July 2000, pp. 17-28.

Doufikar-Aerts, F: Gog and Magog Crossing Borders: Biblical, Christian and Islamic Imaginings in Wieser, V, Eltschinger, V and Heiss, J: Cultures of Eschatology, Volume 1: Empires and Scriptural Authorities in Medieval Christian, Islamic and Buddhist Communities – Volume 2: Time, Death and Afterlife in Medieval Christian, Islamic and Buddhist Communities. De Gruyter, 2020, pp.390-414.

Enderle, K: Der Perserkrieg unter Anastasios (502-506 n.Chr.) als Endzeitereignis in Brandes, W, Schmieder, F and Voss, R (edd.): Peoples of the Apocalypse – Eschatological Beliefs and Political Scenarios, De Gruyter, 2016, pp.51-62.

Greisiger, L: Opening the Gates of the North in 627: War, Anti-Byzantine Sentiment and Apocalyptic Expectancy in the Near East Prior to the Arab Invasions in Brandes, W, Schmieder, F and Voss, R (edd.): Peoples of the Apocalypse – Eschatological Beliefs and Political Scenarios, De Gruyter, 2016, pp.63-82.

Lindstedt, I: The Last Roman Emperor, the Mahdi, and Jerusalem in Laato, A (ed): Understanding the Spiritual Meaning of Jerusalem in Three Abrahamic Religions, Brill, Leiden, 2019.

Livne-Kafri, O: Jerusalem in Early Islam: The Eschatological Aspect, in Arabica, Vol.53, Fasc. 3 (July 2006), p.382-403.

Livne-Kafri, O: On Apocalyptic Features in Some Palestinian Apocalyptic Traditions in Uluslararası Sosyal Araştirmalar Dergisi (The Journal of International Social Research), Vol 1/5, Fall 2008.

Livne-Kafri, O: Some Observations on the Migration of Apocalyptic Features In Muslim Tradition in Acta Orientalia Hung. Vol. 62 (4) (2009), pp. 405-411.

Reeves, J: Introductory Essay: Trajectories in Near Eastern Apocalyptic: A Postrabbinic Jewish Apocalypse Reader, 2005.

Reeves, J: Jewish Apocalyptic Lore in Early Islam: Reconsidering the Figure of Ka‘b al-Aḥbār, in John Ashton, ed., Revealed Wisdom: Studies in Apocalyptic in Honour of Christopher Rowland (Leiden: Brill, 2014), 200-216.

Reeves, J: Sefer Zerubbabel, in Trajectories in Near Eastern Apocalyptic: A Postrabbinic Jewish Apocalypse Reader, Atlanta: Society of Biblical literature; Leyden: Brill 2005, pp50-66.

Reinink, G: Heraclius, the New Alexander. Apocalyptic Prophecies during the Reign of Heraclius in Reinink, G and Stolte H (edd.): The Reign of Heraclius (610-641): Crisis and Confrontation, Peeters 2002, pp.81-94.

Segovia, C: A Messianic Controversy Behind the Making of Muḥammad as the Last Prophet? Paper presented to the 1st Early Islamic Studies Seminar Nangeroni Meeting, “Early Islam: The Sectarian Milieu of Late Antiquity?”

Segovia, C: En torno a Mahoma como Mesías: Una nueva mirada a las raíces cristianas del Islam (‘Muhammad and the Messiah Son of Man: a new look at the Christian roots of Islam’). Erebea: Revista de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, 5, 2015.

Segovia, C: Noah as Eschatological Mediator Transposed: From 2 Enoch 71-72 to the Christological Echoes of 1 Enoch 106.3 in the Qur’ān. Henoch, 33.1: 130–45.

Segovia, C: Thematic and Structural Affinities between 1 Enoch and the Qur’ān: A Contribution to the Study of the Judaeo-Christian Apocalyptic Setting of the Early Islamic Faith. From Carlos A. Segovia and Basil Lourié (eds): The Coming of the Comforter: When, Where, and to Whom? Studies on the Rise of Islam and Various Other Topics in Memory of John Wansbrough, xv–xxiv. Gorgias Press, 2012, pp.231-267.

Segovia, C: “Those on the Right” and “Those on the Left”: Rereading Qur’ān 56, 1-56 (and the Founding Myth of Islam) in Light of Apocalypse of Abraham 21–2. Paper presented at the symposium “La religion de l’autre. Lectures de l’altérité religieuse dans le judaisme, le christianisme et l’islam, de l’Antiquité tardive à nos jours – Apocalyptique et figures du mal,” Université Libre de Bruxelles.

Shoemaker, S: The Apocalypse of Empire: Imperial Eschatology in Late Antiquity and Early Islam. Philadelphia PA, University of Pennsylvania Press 2018.

Shoemaker, S: The Portents of the Hour: Eschatology and Empire in the Early Islamic Tradition in Wieser, V, Eltschinger, V and Heiss, J: Cultures of Eschatology, Volume 1: Empires and Scriptural Authorities in Medieval Christian, Islamic and Buddhist Communities – Volume 2: Time, Death and Afterlife in Medieval Christian, Islamic and Buddhist Communities. De Gruyter, 2020, pp.294-318.

Shoemaker, S: ‘The Reign of God Has Come’: Eschatology and Empire in Late Antiquity and Early Islam, Arabica, Volume 61, Issue 5, 2014, pages 514 – 558.

Shoemaker, S: The Tiburtine Sibyl, the Last Emperor, and the Early Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition in Burke, T; Landau, B (eds): New Testament Apocrypha: More Noncanonical Scriptures, J.K. Elliott, August 2016. (pp.243-244 indicate influence on emergent Islam).

Sinai, N: The Eschatological Kerygma of the Early Qur’an. Forthcoming in Apocalypticism and Eschatology in the Abrahamic Religions (6th–8th cent. C.E.), edited by Hagit Amirav, Emmanouela Grypeou, and Guy Stroumsa, Leuven: Peeters (uncorrected author’s typescript)

Tesei, T: Apocalyptic Prophecies in the Qur’ān and in Seventh Century Extra Biblical Literature

Tesei, T: The Prophecy of Ḏū-l-Qarnayn (Q 18 :83-102) and the Origins of the Qur’ānic Corpus, Van Leer Jerusalem Institute. On the Syriac apocalyptic work Neṣḥānā d-leh d-Aleksandrōs, “the victory of Alexander” as the likely source for the Qur’ānic version of the Prophecy of Dhū al-Qarnayn, given the same narrative structure and editing of the tale that appears in both works.

Tesei, T: ‘The Romans will win’ Q 30:2‒7 in Light of 7th c. Political Eschatology. Der Islam 2018; 95 (1): 1–29.

Van Bekkum, W: Jewish Messianic Expectations in the Age of Heraclius, in Reinink, G and Stolte H (edd.): The Reign of Heraclius (610-641): Crisis and Confrontation, Peeters 2002, pp.95-112.

Van Donzel, E and Schmidt, A: Gog and Magog in Early Eastern Christian and Islamic Sources, Sallam’s Quest for Alexander’s Wall, Brill, 2009.

Van Oort, J: Manichaean Eschatology: Gnostic-Christian Thinking about Last Things, in Wieser, V, Eltschinger, V and Heiss, J: Cultures of Eschatology, Volume 1: Empires and Scriptural Authorities in Medieval Christian, Islamic and Buddhist Communities – Volume 2: Time, Death and Afterlife in Medieval Christian, Islamic and Buddhist Communities. De Gruyter, 2020, pp.181-193.

Wieser, V, Eltschinger, V and Heiss, J: Cultures of Eschatology, Volume 1: Empires and Scriptural Authorities in Medieval Christian, Islamic and Buddhist Communities – Volume 2: Time, Death and Afterlife in Medieval Christian, Islamic and Buddhist Communities. De Gruyter, 2020.

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* For post-conquest apocalyptic and eschatological interpretations of the new Believers see Apocalyptic Literature on the Conquests in the catalogue: Early non-Muslim sources

The ‘Jewish-Christianity’ theory

Crone, P: Islam, Judeo-Christianity and Byzantine Iconoclasm, Part III of From Kavād to al-Ghazālī, Religion, Law and Political Thought in the Near East, c.600-c.1100. Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 2. Jerusalem 1980. Ashgate Variorum.

Del Rio Sanchez, F: ‘Jewish-Christianity’ and Islamic Origins. The transformation of a peripheral religious movement, ASMEA Conference Paper, October 2015.

Del Rio Sanchez, F: The Deadlocked Debate about the Role of the Jewish Christians at the Birth of Islam in Religions 2021.

Donner, F: Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam, Harvard University Press 2010.

Donner, F: Muhammad and the Believers’ Movement. Chapter 2 of Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origin of Islam (2010).

Dost, S: ‘An Arabian Qur’ān’ (dissertation), University of Chicago, June 2017.

Dye, G: Jewish Christianity, the Qur’ān, and Early Islam: some methodological caveats, ASMEA Conference Paper, October 2015.

Gallez, E: The Genealogy of Islam (schematic plan).

Gilliot, C: Le Coran, Muhammad et le Judéo-Christianisme. (Section B of Deux études sur le Coran, a review article of G Lüling: Über den Ur-Qur’ān, Ansätze zur Rekonstruktion vorislamischer christlicher Strophenlieder im Qur’ān, Erlangen, H. Lüling 1974). Arabica, Tome XXX, Fascicule 1, 1983. See pp.16-37.

Gobillot, G: Des textes Pseudo Clemantins á la mystique Juive des premiers siècles et du Sinaï á Ma’rib, Quelques coïncidences entre context culturel et localisation géographique dans le Coran in Carlos A. Segovia and Basil Lourié (eds): The Coming of the Comforter: When, Where, and to Whom? Studies on the Rise of Islam and Various Other Topics in Memory of John Wansbrough, xv–xxiv. Gorgias Press, 2012, pp.3-90.

Griffith, S: Al-Naṣārā in the Qur’ān: a hermeneutical reflection in Reynolds, G (ed): New Perspectives on the Qur’ān – The Qur’ān in its historical context 2 from Rippin, A (ed): Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān, Routledge 2011, pp.301-322.

Hawting, G: “Has God sent a mortal as a messenger?” (Q 17:95): messengers and angels in the Qur’ān in Reynolds, G (ed): New Perspectives on the Qur’ān – The Qur’ān in its historical context 2 from Rippin, A (ed): Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān, Routledge 2011, pp.372-390.

Hoyland, R: The Jewish and/or Christian Audience of the Qur’ān and the Arabic Bible, in F. del Rio Sanchez (ed): Jewish Christianity and the Origins of Islam, Brepols 2018, pp.31-40.

Klein, A and Reinink, G: Patristic Evidence for Jewish-Christian Sects, Brill, Leiden, 1973.

Mimouni, S: Du Verus propheta chrétien (ébionite?) au Sceau des prophètes musulman, ASMEA Conference paper, Washington, 2015.

Ohlig, K: Das syrische und arabische Christentum und der Qur’ān, Inārah.de.

Ohlig, K: Zum Einfluss des Juden-christentums auf Koran und Islam – Einige Beobachtungen und Fragen, Imprimatur, Heft 1, 2017.

Pines, Sh: The Jewish Christians of the Early Centuries of Christianity According to a New Source. Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Vol. II, No. 13

Segovia, C: El Judeocristianismo: Una Nueva Hipótesis; Seguido de un Resumen de la Demostración 17 de Afraates (Sobre la Divinidad de Cristo).

Stroumsa, G: Jewish Christianity and Islamic Origins From Islamic Cultures, Islamic Contexts, Essays in Honor of Professor Patricia Crone, Brill, Leiden, 2015.

Stroumsa, G: Judéo-Christianisme et l’Islam des Origines in Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, vol. 2013, no. 1 (January-March 2013): pp.489-512.

Von Sivers, P: Islamic Origins: Anti-Theopaschism and Trisagion in the Near East in the early 600sin Academia Letters, May 2021.

Zellentin, H: banū isrāʾīl, ahl al-kitāb, al-yahūd wa-l-naṣārā: The Qur’anic Community’s Encounters with Jews and Christians in Entangled Religions (2023).

Zellentin, H: The Qur’an’s Legal Culture, The Didascalia Apostolorum as a Point of Departure. (Introduction – The Veil in the DIdascalia and the Qur’ān). Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013.

Zellentin, H: The Qurʾān’s Reformation of Judaism and Christianity in Routledge Studies in the Quran; New York: Routledge, 2019 (Introduction). (18 MB)

Research on the Text of the Qur’ān

Extra-Islamic influence and its reflection in the fabric of the Text

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Bell, R: Introduction to the Qur’an. Revised by Montgomery Watt, Edinburgh University Press, 1970 (online source)

McAuliffe, J (ed): The Cambridge Companion to the Qur’ān Cambridge University Press 2007.

Segovia, C; Lourié, B (eds): The Coming of the Comforter: When, Where, and to Whom? Studies on the Rise of Islam and Various Other Topics in Memory of John Wansbrough, Gorgias Press, 2012.

* Studies by Qur’ānic sūra

Chronological re-orderings of the Sūras

Aldeeb, S: القرآن الكريم بالتسلسل التاريخي للنزول وفقا للأزهر Along with indications of variant readings, abrogated verses, Judaic and Christian sources, and linguistic problems. Centre de droit arabe et musulman, 2012.

Frolov, D : Medieval Muslim Discussions about the Order of Suras and Their Relevance for the Study of the Composition of the Qur’an, in Vestnik Moscovskogo Universiteta, Series 13 ‘Oriental Studies’, 2001, No.1, pp.29-40.

Reynolds, G: Le problème de la chronologie du Coran, Arabica 58 (2011) 477-502

Shakir, M: Chronological Qur’ān, The Meaning in English. Arranged in reverse chronological order. The most recent Sūra (chapter) at the beginning, to assist with the study of Abrogation. Sola Virtus.

Stefanidis, E: The Qur’ān Made Linear: A Study of the Geschichte des Qorāns’ Chronological Reordering (Examining the work by Nöldeke, T: History of the Qur’an ). Journal of Qur’anic Studies, Vol. X, Issue II (2008).

Literary analysis of the Qur’ān text

Abdeljalil, M-A: بضع ملاحظات على أسلوب الالتفات في القرآن (‘Some observations on the style of exclamatory apostrophe in the Qur’ān’)

Abdeljalil, M-A : دور محمد في تأليف القرآن (‘The role of Muhammad in the Composition of the Qur’ān’)

Abdeljalil, M-A: L’analyse du Coran à la lumière de la déconstruction de Derrida, La sourate XXII (Al-Ḥajj) comme modèle.

Azaiez, M ; Reynolds, G ; Tesei, T ; Hamza, Z (eds) : The Qur’an Seminar Commentary, A Collaborative Study of 50 Qur’anic Passages, June 2016. Berlin, De Gruyter, 2016. A collection of 27 different scholars with a diverse range of disciplinary backgrounds (Arabic language, comparative Semitic linguistics, paleography, epigraphy, history, rhetorical theory, hermeneutics, and Biblical studies) provide readers with unique insight into the latest trends of research in the Qurʾan. The work is a useful and illuminating reference work for students and scholars alike in the field of Qurʾanic Studies, who will find that the 50 passages selected for inclusion in this work include many of the most important and influential elements of the Qurʾan.

Azmeh, Aziz al-, Canon and canonisation of the Qurʾān, in the Islamic religious sciences, in Encyclopaedia of Islam III, 2013.

Boisliveau, A-S: Canonisation du Coran… par le Coran ? (‘Canonization of the Qur’ân… by the Qur’ân?’), Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée 129, pp.153-168.

Boisliveau, A-S: Polemics in the Koran. The Koran’s Negative Argumentation over its Own Origin. Brill Arabica, Volume 60 (2013): Issue 1-2 (Jan 2013).

Böwering, G: Recent research on the construction of the Qur’an in in Reynolds, G (ed): The Qur’ān in its Historical Context, Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān. London / New York: Routledge, 2008. Pages 70-87.

Crone, P: Two legal problems bearing on the early history of the Qur’ān. From Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 18 (1994): 1-37.

Cuypers, M: La composition du Coran – نظم القرآن . Éditions Gabalda et Cie, France 2011.

Cuypers, M: نظرة جديدة في نظم القرأن tr. Y. Ḥabīb. From 3^rd International Conference on العلوم الإسلامية والعربية وقضايا الإعجاز في القرأن والسنة بين التراث والمعاصرة , University of Minya 3-4 June 2007.

Cuypers, M: The Composition of the Qur’an, Rhetorical Analysis, Bloomsbury Academic, London and New York 2015. Explaining the various rhetorical principles that underlay the composition of the Qur’ānic text, taking their literary context into consideration.

Cuypers, M: The question of the Qur’an’s coherence in the history of its exegesis (Extract from “The Banquet”).

Dye, G : Concepts and Methods in the Study of the Qur’ān, Religions 12: 599.

Dye, G: The Qur’ān and its Hypertextuality in Light of Redaction Criticism. Paper for early Islam: the sectarian media of late Antiquity? (Early Islamic Studies Seminar, Milan June 2015).

Gilliot, C : Collecte ou mémorisation du Coran. Essai d’analyse d’un vocabulaire ambigu (‘Collection or memorization of the Koran. An attempt to analyse an ambiguous vocabulary’) from Lohlker (Rüdiger) (hrsg. von), Ḥadīṯstudien – Die Überleferungen des Propheten im Gespräch. Festschrift für Prof. Dr. Tilman Nagel, Hambourg, Verlag Dr. Kovac, 2009, p. 77-132.

Gilliot, C: La composition des sourates mekkoises. (Section A of Deux études sur le Coran, a review article of A. Neuwirth: Studien zur Komposition der mekkanischen Suren, Berlin, New York 1981). Arabica, Tome XXX, Fascicule 1, 1983. See pp.1-16.

Gilliot, C: Creation of a fixed text, from Dammen McAuliffe (Jane) (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Qur’ān, Cambridge, CUP (Cambridge Companions to Religion), 2006, p. 41-57

Gilliot, C; Larcher, P: Language and style of the Qurʾān from Encyclopaedia of the Qur’ān [EQ], III, Leyde, Brill, 2003, p. 109-35.

Gilliot, C: Les traditions sur la composition ou coordination du Coran (taʾlīf al-qurʾān) (‘The Traditions on the coordination/compilation of the Qur’ān’ (taʾlīf al-qurʾān). From Gilliot (Claude) und Tilman Nagel (hrsg. von), Das Prophetenḥadīṯ. Dimensionen einer islamischen Literaturgattung, Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. I. Philologisch-Hist. Kl., Jahr. 2005/1), 2005, p. 14-39.

Gilliot, C: Oralité et écriture dans la genèse, la transmission et la fixation du Coran (‘The oral and the written in genesis, transmission and creation of a fixed text of the Qurʾān’). Presses Universitaires de Provence, 2014.

Gilliot, Claude, Reconsidering the authorship of the Qurʾān. Is the Qurʾan partly the fruit of a progressive and collective work? in The Qur’ān in its Historical Context p.88-108.

Gilliot, C: Une reconstruction critique du Coran ou comment en finir avec les merveilles de la lampe d’Aladin? In M. Kropp (ed.), Results of contemporary research on the Qurʾān. The question of a historio-critical text, Beyrouth, Orient-Institut der DMG/Würzburg, Ergon Verlag (« Beiruter Texte und Studien », 100), 2007, p. 33-137.

Haddad, Y. D al-: نظم القرآن والكتاب – 1 – إعجاز القرآن (‘The Composition of the Qur’an and the Book – Part One – The Inimitability of the Qur’an’) Qur’ānic Studies, (3). Muhammadanism.org.

Horovitz, J: Koranische Untersuchungen, De Gruyter, Berlin and Leipzig 1926.

Makin, A: Representing the Enemy: Musaylima in Muslim Literature, (Introduction to the work) Peter Lang Publications, 2010. (That remaining fragments of Musaylima’s qur’ān bear substantial similarities to the early Meccan verses of the Qur’ān – in terms of diction, style, and pattern, and that there were likely several prophets and qur’āns in sixth-seventh century Arabia)

Makin, A: Re-Thinking Other Claimants to Prophethood: the Case of Umayya ibn Abi Salt. Paper presented at the IKGF colloquium “Dynamics in the History of Religions between Asia and Europe” , Ruhr University, November, 2009.

Makin, A: Sharing the concept of god among trading prophets: reading the poem of Umayya b. Abi Salt, in Wick, P; Rabens, V (eds): Religions and Trade, Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West, Brill, 2014, pp.283-305.

Motzki, H: Alternative accounts of the Qur’ān’s formation, in Dammen McAuliffe (Jane) (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Qur’ān , Cambridge, CUP (Cambridge Companions to Religion), 2006, p. 59-75.

Neuwirth, A: Two Faces of the Qur’ān: Qur’ān and Mushaf, Oral Tradition, 25/1 (2010): 141-156.

Nöldeke, T: Remarques critiques sur le style et la syntaxe du Coran, traduit avec postface par G.-H. Bousquet, Paris 1953 (‘Critical remarks on the style and syntax of the Koran’)

Reynolds, Gabriel Said, Biblical Turns of Phrase in the Quran, in Light upon Light: A Festschrift Presented to Gerhard Böwering by His Students, ed. J. Elias and B. Orfali (Leiden: Brill, 2019), 45-69.

Ross, D: Studies upon the Relationship of the Poems ascribed to Umayya b. Abî’l-Ṣalt with the Qur’ân, A translation (with forward) of Israel Frank-Kamenetzky’s Untersuchungen über das Verhältnis der dem Umajja b. Abi ṣ Ṣalt zugeschrieben Gedichte zum Qorān, and of Theodor Nöldeke ’s review “Umaija b. Abi’ṣṢalt”. November 2013.

Sadeghi, B: The Chronology of the Qur’ān: A Stylometric Research Program, in Arabica 58 (2011), pp.210-299.

Schoeler, G: The Constitution of the Koran as a Codified Work: Paradigm for Codifying Hadīth and the Islamic Sciences? Oral Tradition, 25/1 (2010): 199-21

Sinai, N: Fortschreibung und Auslegung: Studien zur frühen Koraninterpretation, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2009.

Sinai, N: Qurʾānic Self-Referentiality as a Strategy of Self-Authorization, From Self-Referentiality in the Qurʾān, edited by Stefan Wild, Wiesbaden 2006, pp. 103–134.

Sinai, N: Religious poetry from the Quranic milieu: Umayya b. Abī l-Salṭ on the fate of the Thamūd. Bulletin of SOAS , 74, 3 (2011), 397-416.

Sinai, N: The Qur’ān: A Historical-Critical Introduction, Edinburgh University Press, 2017.

Sinai, N: The Qurʾan as Process in Neuwirth, A; Sinai, N; Marx, M: The Qur’an in Context, Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qur’ānic Milieu from Böwering, G; McAuliffe, J: Texts and Studies on the Qur’ān, Vol.6, Brill 2010, pages 407-440.

Stewart, D: Notes on medieval and modern emendations of the Qur’ān, in Reynolds, G (ed): The Qur’ān in its Historical Context, Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān. London / New York: Routledge, 2008. Pages 225-248.

Tesei, T: ‘The Qurʾān(s) in Context(s)’ in Journal Asiatique 309.2 (2021) pp.185-202.

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Philology as an exegetical tool

Donner, F and Hasselbach-Andee, R (edd.): Scripts and Scripture, Writing and Religion in Arabia circa 500-700 CE, Late Antique and Medieval Islamic Near East, No. 3, University of Chicago, 2022.

Arabic linguistics

Butts, A – Once Again, the Twin Histories of Arabic and Aramaic (with a focus on Syriac) in Antoine Borrut, Manuela Ceballos, and Alison Vacca (eds.), Navigating Language in the early Islamic World (Turnhout: Brepols).

Donner, F and Hasselbach-Andee, R (edd.): Scripts and Scripture, Writing and Religion in Arabia circa 500-700 CE, Late Antique and Medieval Islamic Near East, No. 3, University of Chicago, 2022, pp.117-130.

Durie, M: On the Origin of Qurʾānic Arabic, Melbourne School of Theology, Draft paper (that Qurʾānic Arabic, as reflected in its rasm, or consonantal skeleton, developed directly from the Arabic of the Nabataeans).

Fraenkel, S: Die Aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen, Leiden, Brill, 1886.

Hamad, M al -: Nabataean in contact with Arabic: grammatical borrowing in Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, Vol. 44 (2014).

Hoyland, R: Language and Identity: the twin histories of Arabic and Aramaic, Scripta Classica Israelica, Vol. XXIII, 2004, pp.183-199.

Hoyland, R: The Birth of Arabic in Stone, from By the Pen and What They Write, Writing in Islamic Art and Culture, 6^th Biennial Hamad Bin Khalifa Symposium on Islamic Art, November 2015.

Hoyland, R: The Language of the Qur’an and a Near Eastern Rip van Winkle, Paper in honour of Dr. Wim Raven, Marburg, May 2012.

Hussein, T: في الشعر الجاهلي (‘On pre-Islamic Poetry’) Dar al-Nadwa.

Jallad, A al- : A Manual of the Historical Grammar of Arabic, Notes on key issues in phonology and morphology.

Jallad, A al-: Arabic in Contact in the pre-Islamic Period. Draft (7-31-18) of a chapter to appear in Arabic and Contact-Induced Change, ed. C. Lucas and S. Manfredi.

Jallad, A al-: Graeco-Arabica I: the southern Levant. Brill, Leiden, 2017. A discussion of the orthography, morphology, and phonetics of Qur’anic Arabic in contrast to Classical Arabic. Further planned articles are II: Palmyra; III: Dura Europos and IV: The Damascus Palm Fragment.

Jallad, A al – : Safaitic Grammar, in The Semitic Languages, ed. J. Huehnergard, N. Pat-El, 2^nd Edtion, Routledge. The northern-most variety of the South Semitic script classified under the umbrella term Ancient North Arabian.

Jallad, A al – : The Arabic of the Islamic conquests: notes on phonology and morphology based on the Greek transcriptions from the first Islamic century.

Jallad, A al – : The case for Proto-Semitic and Proto-Arabic case endings: a reply to Jonathan Owens.

Jallad, A al – : The Damascus Psalm Fragment, Middle Arabic and the Legacy of Old Ḥigāzī, (with a contribution by Ronny Vollandt). Lamine 2, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2020. The work views the language of the Damascus Psalm Fragment as a bridge between the pre-Islamic and Islamic periods of Arabic. It reflects a dialect closely related to that of Qur’ānic orthography and Umayyad period documents and transcriptions— Old Ḥigāzī. The author offers a new hypothesis on the relationship between early forms of Arabic and the origins of what we conventionally call “Classical Arabic.”

Jallad, A al –: The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification in Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics.

Jallad, A al – : The Linguistic Landscape of Pre-Islamic Arabia – Context for the Qur’ān. Arab grammarians from the 8^th and 9^th centuries, still the primary source for the pre-Islamic period, were largely unaware of Arabia’s linguistic diversity and cosmopolitanism in the centuries preceding the rise of Islam. This work outlines the linguistic map of pre-Islamic Arabia and dicusses issues such as the development of the Arabic script, literacy and multilingualism in this context, and discusses the stylistic parallels to the Qur’ān found in the inscriptions.

Jallad, A al – : The Word, the Blade and the Pen, Three Thousand Years of Arabic, (Book preview).

Jallad, A al –: Was it sūrat al-Baqārah? Evidence for Antepenultimate Stress in the Quranic Consonantlal Text and its Relevance for صلوهType Nouns.

Jallad, A al –: What is Ancient North Arabian? . An essay discussing the linguistic classification of the epigraphy of North and Central Arabia, focused on addressing the issue of the relationship between these ancient texts and “Arabic”.

Kerr, R: The Language of the Koran, Tingisredux.com. German translation: Ist der Qurʾān in Mekka oder Medina entstanden?. in K.-H. Ohlig und M. Gross (Hg.), Die Entstehung einer Weltreligion III, Inârah-Sammelband 7 (Schiler Verlag, Berlin-Tübingen, 2014), S. 39-45.

Knauf, E – Arabo-Aramaic and ʿArabiyya: From Ancient Arabic to Early Standard Arabic, 200 ce–600 ce in Neuwirth, A; Sinai, N; Marx, M: The Qur’an in Context, Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qur’ānic Milieu from Böwering, G; McAuliffe, J: Texts and Studies on the Qur’ān, Vol.6, Brill 2010, pages 197-254.

Macdonald, M: Ancient Arabia and the written word in M.C.A. Macdonald (ed.), The development of Arabic as a written language (Supplement to the Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 40). Oxford: Archaeopress, 2010, pp. 5–28.

Macdonald, M: Ancient North Arabian, in Woodard, R (ed) The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the World’s Ancient Languages, Cambridge University press 2004, Chapter 16.

Macdonald, M: Languages, scripts, and the uses of writing among the Nabataeans, The Cincinnati Art Museum, 2003.

Macdonald, M: Reflections on the Linguistic map of pre-Islamic Arabia, Arab. arch. epig. 2000: 11: 28–79.

Nehmé, L: A glimpse of the development of the Nabataean script into Arabic based on old and new epigraphic material, in M.C.A. Macdonald (ed.), The development of Arabic as a written language. (Supplement to the Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 40). Oxford: Archaeopress, 2010, pp. 47–88.

Owens, J: Case and Proto-Arabic, Part I, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies University of London, Vol. 61, No. 1 (1998), pp. 51-73.

Owens, J: Case and Proto-Arabic, Part II, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies University of London, Vol. 61, No. 12 (1998), pp. 215-227.

Owens, J: Reflections on Arabic and Semitic: Can proto-Semitic case be justified? Kervan, International Journal of Afro-Asiatic Studies, no.19 (2015).

Retsö, J: Arabs and Arabic in the Age of the Prophet in The Qur’ān in Context. Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qur’ānic Milieu ed. A. Neuwirth/N. Sinai/M. Marx, Leiden /Boston 2010 pp. 281-292.

Retsö, J: Aramaic (Syriac) Loanwords in Encyclopaedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics ed. K. Versteegh n& al., Leiden 2006. Vol. 1 pp. 178-182.

Retsö, J: Das Arabische der vorislamischen Zeit bei klassischen und orientalischen Autoren. Neue Beiträge zur Semitistik. Erstes Arbeitstreffen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Semitistik in der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft vom 11. bis 13 September 2000 an der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena (JBVO 5) Wiesbaden 2002 139-146.

Selmani, L: Der Koran und die arabische Schrift: Der mündliche Prophet und seine schriftliche umma in Zeitschrift fur Religionswissenschaft, September 2019, 27(2), pp.239-267.

Shaddel, M: Qurʾānic ummī: Genealogy, Ethnicity, and the Foundation of a New Community in Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 43, 2016, pp. 1-60.

Vollers, K: Volkssprache und Schriftsprache im alten Arabien, Strasbourg, Verlag von Karl J. Trübner, 1906.

Foreign vocabulary in the Qur’ān

Carter, M – Foreign Vocabulary in Rippin, A (ed): The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’ān Blackwell Publishing, 2006, pages 120-139.

Dye, G: Pourquoi et comment se fait un texte canonique? (Reflections on the history of the Qur’ān) Hérésies, 2015, pp 55-104.

Dye, G: (لماذا وكيف يصبح النَّص مقدَّسًا؟ (بعض الأفكار حول تاريخ القرآن Tr. Nāṣir ben Rajab of Pourquoi et comment se fait un texte canonique? (Reflections on the history of the Qur’ān) Hérésies, 2015, pp 55-104.

Dye, G: Traces of Bilingualism / Multilingualism in Qur’ānic Arabic from Arabic in Context, ed. Ahmad al-Jallad, Leiden, Brill (Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics).

Hajayneh, H: The usage of Ancient South Arabian and other Arabian languages as an etymological source for Qur’anic vocabulary in Reynolds, G (ed): New Perspectives on the Qur’ān – The Qur’ān in its historical context 2 from Rippin, A (ed): Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān, Routledge 2011, pp.117-146.

Jeffery, A: The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur’ān with a Foreword by G. Böwering and J. D McAuliffe. Brill Leiden, Boston, 2007.

Kropp, M: Beyond single words: Mā’ida – Shayṭan – jibt and ṭāghūt. Mechanisms of transmission into the Ethiopic (Ge‘ez) Bible and the Qur’ānic text in Reynolds, G (ed): The Qur’ān in its Historical Context, Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān. London / New York: Routledge, 2008. Pages 204-216.

Kropp, M: ما وراء الفاظ مفردة in Reynolds, G (ed): القرآن في محيطه التاريخي – Tr. Sa‘d Allah al-Sa‘dī, Al-Jamal Publications, 2012, pp.303-320.

Kropp, M: The Ethiopic Satan = Šayṭān and its Quranic successor with a note on verbal stoning, Christianisme Oriental, Kérygme et Histoire, 2007.

Kropp, M – Viele fremde Tische, und noch einer im Koran: Zur Etymologie von äthiopisch ma’ed(de) und arabish mā’ida / mayda in Oriens Christianus, Band 87 – 2003.

Monferrer-Sala, J: One More Time on the Arabized Nominal Form Iblīs. Studia Orientalia, Vol. 112, Finnish Oriental Society, pp.55-70. A discussion on the origins of the terms Iblīs and Shayṭān in the Qur’ān.

Pennachio, C: Lexical Borrowing in the Qur’ān The Problematic Aspects of Arthur Jeffery’s List. Bulletin du Centre de recherche français a Jérusalem, 22 (2011). An evaluation and updating of A. Jeffery’s The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur’ān.

Toorawa, Sh: Hapaxes in the Qur’ān: identifying and cataloguing lone words (and loanwords) in Reynolds, G (ed): New Perspectives on the Qur’ān – The Qur’ān in its historical context 2 from Rippin, A (ed): Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān, Routledge 2011, pp.193-246.

Zinner, S: The Phoenix of 2 Enoch/3 Baruch in Qurʾān Sūra 100. A disproportionate amount of the total words in āyāt 1-5 of Qurʾān Sūra 100 are hapax legomena, namely, al-ʿādiyāti, ḍabḥā, qadḥā, al-mūriyāt, naqʿā and wasaṭna. Since these words were intensely disputed by traditional tafsīr authorities, part of the difficulty may lie in the possible status of at least some of these words as foreign loanwords. Enochic traditions of Rabbinic literature may shed light on sūra 100.

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Some key terms and passages

Reference work:

Sinai, N: Key Terms of the Qur’an, A Critical Dictionary, Princeton University Press, 2023.

Beck, D : The Annunciation of Sūrat al-Qadr: Celebrating the Incarnation of the Deity (Q 97) (On the sura’s referring to the nativity of Christ, and its influence from St Ephrem’s Nativity Hymn no.21).

Cuypers, M: La Sourate 55 (al-Raḥmān) et le Psautier, Luqmān, 37, Téhéran, Mélanges in Memoriam Javâd Hadidi, 2002-3.

Cuypers, M: Le Festin, Une lecture de la sourate al-Mâ’ida. Rhétorique sémitique. Paris: Lethielleux, 2007.

Cuypers, M : في نظم صورة المائدة – نظم آي القرآن في ضوء منهج التحليل البلاغي (‘On the composition of the Sūrat al-Mā’ida – the Composition of Qur’ānic Verses in the Light of Rhetorical Analysis Methodology’) Tr. of Le Festin, Une lecture de la sourate al-Mâ’ida by ‘A Sālih, Dār al-Mashriq, Beirut.

Cuypers, M: Une Apocalypse coranique – Les sourates 105 à 112 (séminaire IDEO, 18 Mars 2014).

Donner, F: Quranic Furqān Journal of Semitic Studies LII/2 Autumn 2007.

Dye, G: لَيْلَةُ القَدْر هيَ أم ليلة الميلاد؟ (La Nuit du Destin et la Nuit de la Nativité, in Guillaume Dye & Fabien Nobilio, Figures bibliques en Islam, Bruxelles-Fernelmont, EME, 2011), tr. Bashir bn Rajab, On the strong parallels between the Sūrat al-Qadr of the Qur’ān and St Ephrem’s Nativity Hymn no.21), whereby the ‘descent of the Qur’ān’ is adapted from the hymn’s ‘descent of Christ at Christmas’.

Gallez, E: The root kfr and philology: significance and biblical, post-biblical and Qur’anic meanings. In ‘Le texte arabe non islamique’, Studia Arabica, vol.XI.

Grypeou, E: The Table from Heaven: A Note on Qur’ān, Sūrah 5,111 ff., Collectanea Christiana Orientalia 2 (2005): 311-316.

Heger, C: Al-Furqān and ‘the Warner’, in ‘Textual Criticism applied to the Koran versewise’ (www.christoph-heger.de/Koranische_Textkritik_versweise.html)

Kiltz, D: The relationship between Arabic Allāh and Syriac Allāha. Der Islam Bd. 88, S. 33–50.

Kister, M: Al-Taḥannuth – An enquiry into the meaning of a term.

Kerr, R: Empire Annus Hegiræ vel Annus (H)Agarorum? Etymologische und vergelichende Anmerkungen zum Anfang der islamischen Jahreszählung in K.-H. Ohlig und M. Gross (Hg.), Die Entstehung einer Weltreligion III, Inârah-Sammelband 7 (Schiler Verlag, Berlin-Tübingen), 2014, pp.14-38.

Kerr, R: Islam, Arabs and the Hijra An analysis of the etymology of the terms ‘hijra’ and ‘anṣār’. An expanded version of this is available as Der Islam, die Araber und die Hiğra.

Kerr, R : Religionsgeschichtliche Überlegungen zu Sure 18. Imprimatur, Heft 1, 2017, pp.72-79.

Kropp, M: The Ethiopic Satan = Šayṭān and its Quranic successor with a note on verbal stoning, Christianisme Oriental, Kérygme et Histoire, 2007.

Luxenberg, C : Kein “Mekka” und kein “Bakka” im Qur’ān; zu Sure 48:24 und 3:96 Eine philologische Analyse.

Powers, D: Finality of Prophecy, in The Oxford Handbook of the Abrahamic Religions, ed. A. Silverstein and G. Stroumsa, 254-271 (Oxford University Press, 2015).

Retsö, J: The Contradictory Revelation – a reading of Sura 27:16-44 and 34:15-21. Micro-Level Analyses of the Qur’an ed. H. Rydving (Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis: Historia religionum 34) Uppsala 2014 pp. 95-103.

Reynolds, G: On the Qur’ān’s Mā’ida Passage and the Wanderings of the Israelites. From Carlos A. Segovia and Basil Lourié (eds): The Coming of the Comforter: When, Where, and to Whom? Studies on the Rise of Islam and Various Other Topics in Memory of John Wansbrough, xv–xxiv. Gorgias Press, 2012, pp.91-108.

Rippin, A: The Search for Ṭuwā: Exegetical method, past and present (A comparison of two approaches to interpretation, the traditional and (p.417) the modern philological approach). From Carlos A. Segovia and Basil Lourié (eds): The Coming of the Comforter: When, Where, and to Whom? Studies on the Rise of Islam and Various Other Topics in Memory of John Wansbrough, xv–xxiv. Gorgias Press, 2012, pp.399-422.

Robinson, N: Hands Outstretched: Towards a Re-reading of Sūrat al-Mā’ida. Journal of Qur’ānic Studies, Volume 3, Issue 1, Page 1-19.

Rubin, U: Iqra’ Bi-Smi Rabbika …! Some notes on the interpretation of Sūrat al-ʽAlaq (VS 1-5), Israel Oriental Studies XIII, E.J. Brill, 1993.

Rubin, U: On the Arabian Origins of the Qur’an: The Case of al-furqan. Journal of Semitic Studies 54 (2009), 421-33. [Reprinted in: Uri Rubin, Muhammad the Prophet and Arabia, Variorum Collected Studies Series (Ashgate, 2011), no. XV]

Rubin, U: The Hands of Abu Lahab and the Gazelle of the Ka’ba, (on Sūra CXI,1: تَبَّتْ يَدَا أَبِي لَهَبٍ وَتَبَّ ‘Perish the two hands of Abū Lahab’). Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 33 (2007), 93-98.[Reprinted in: Uri Rubin, Muhammad the Prophet and Arabia, Variorum Collected Studies Series (Ashgate, 2011), no. XII].

Rubin, U: The Seal of the Prophets and the Finality of Prophecy. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 164/1 (2014), 65-96.

Zinner, S: Qur’ān Sūra 112, Parmenides and Eunomius, A Textual-Philological Investigation. Journal of Higher Criticism. An examination of Youssef Seddik’s claim for influence of Parmenides Fragment 8 on Qur’an sūra 112 and a presentation of evidence for the Eunomian terminology in sūra 112. The question of “Jewish Christianity” and its influence on nascent Islam is discussed.

The debate on Syriac linguistic influence

Anthony, S : Further Notes on the Word Ṣibgha in Qurʾan 2:138, Journal of Semitic Studies 59.1 (Spring 2014): 117-129.

Dye, G; Kropp, M: Le nom de Jésus (‘Îsâ) dans le Coran, et quelques autres noms bibliques : remarques sur l’onomastique coranique. In Guillaume Dye & Fabien Nobilio (éds), Figures bibliques en islam, pp. 171-198.

El-Badawi, E: From clerical to scriptural authority: The Qur’an’s dialogue with the Syriac New Testament in New Trends in Qur’anic Studies: Text, Context and Interpretation, 2019.

El-Badawi, E: The impact of Aramaic (especially Syriac) on the Qur’ān.

El-Badawi, E: The Qur’ān and the Aramaic Gospel Traditions. Routledge 2014

Kerr, R: Aramaisms in the Quran and their Significance Tr. by K. Mclean.of Von der aramaischen Lesekulture zur arabischen Schreibkultur II in Gross M; Ohlig, K: Die Entstehung einer Weltreligion II, Berlin, Schiler, 2012.

Kerr, R: Der aramäische Wortschatz des Qur’ān in Gross M; Ohlig, K: Die Entstehung einer Weltreligion II, Berlin, Schiler, 2012 (Von der aramaischen Lesekulture zur arabischen Schreibkultur II).

Mingana, A: Syriac Influence on the Style of the Kur’ān Bulletin of the John Rylands Library,, Vol 1, No.1, 1927.

Rippin, A: Syriac in the Qur’an , Classical Muslim theories. Also in Reynolds, G (ed): The Qur’ān in its Historical Context, Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān. London / New York: Routledge, 2008. Pages 249-261.

Sinai, N: ‘Weihnachten im Qur’ān’ oder ‘Nacht der Bestimmung’? Eine Interpretation von Sure 97. Der Islam 88:1 (2012): 11-32.

Witztum, J: Joseph among the Ishmaelites: Q 12 in Light of Syriac Sources, in New Perspectives on the Qur’ān: The Qur’ān in its Historical Context 2. Edited by Reynolds, Gabriel Said. Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān. London / New York: Routledge, 2011. Pages 425-448.

Witztum, J: The Syriac milieu of the Quran: The recasting of Biblical narratives. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 2011

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The Qur’ānic Vorlage thesis

Abdeljalil, M: Le Coran : texte révélé ou texte traduit?

Abdeljalil, M: Le Coran : texte révélé ou texte traduit? (enlarged)

Gilliot, C: Des indices d’un proto-lectionnaire dans le ‘lectionnaire arabe’, dit Coran (‘Pieces of evidence showing the presence of a proto-lectionary in the ‘Arabic lectionary’, called Qur’ān’), Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belle-Lettres), Année 2011 (janvier-mars), 455-72.

Gilliot, C : Langue et Coran: une lecture syro-araméenne du Coran, Arabica 50:3 (2003): 381-393.

Gilliot, C : Le Coran production de l’antiquité tardive ou Mahomet interprète dans le “lectionnaire arabe” de La Mecque (‘The Koran, a production of Late Antiquity or Mohammed as interpreter and exegete in the ‘Arabic lectionary’ of Mecca’). REMMM, 129 (2011) Hommage à Alfred-Louis de Prémare.

Gilliot, C: Mohammed’s exegetical activity in the Meccan Arabic lectionary in Carlos A. Segovia and Basil Lourié (eds): The Coming of the Comforter: When, Where, and to Whom? Studies on the Rise of Islam and Various Other Topics in Memory of John Wansbrough, xv–xxiv. Gorgias Press, 2012, pp.371-398.

Gilliot, C: The ‘collections’ of the Meccan Arabic lectionary in N. Boeckhoff-van der Voort, K. Versteegh, J. Wagemakers. The Transmission and dynamics of the textual sources of Islam. Essays in Honour of Harald Motzki, Brill, Leiden 2011.

Gross, M: Christmas and the Eucharist in Early Islam? Remarks about Assumptions and Methodology. An evaluation of the evidence and the criticisms of Luxenberg’s thesis.

Ibn Warraq: In search of avocado from Christmas in the Qur’an, by Ibn Warraq (on the necessity of the study of Syriac for the study of the Quranic text).

King, D: A Christian Qur’ān? (Evaluation of the work by Christoph Luxenberg) JLARC 3 (2009) 44-71.

Kropp, M: Tripartite, but anti-Trinitarian formulas in the Qur’ānic corpus, possibly pre-Qur’ānic in Reynolds, G (ed): New Perspectives on the Qur’ān – The Qur’ān in its historical context 2 from Rippin, A (ed): Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān, Routledge 2011, pp.247-264.

Luxenberg, C: Al-Najm (Q 53), Chapter of the Star: a new Syro-Aramaic reading of verses 1 to 18 in Reynolds, G (ed): New Perspectives on the Qur’ān – The Qur’ān in its historical context 2 from Rippin, A (ed): Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān, Routledge 2011, pp.279-298. (French translation): Sūrat an-Nağm

Luxenberg, C : Christmas and the Eucharist in the Qur’ān from Christmas in the Qur’an by C. Luxenberg.

Luxenberg, C: No Battle of ‘Badr’ Engl. tr. of ”Keine Schlacht von “Badr”. Zu syrischen Buchstaben in frühen Koranmanuskripten”, Pages 642-676 in Vom Koran zum Islam. Edited by Groß, Markus and Ohlig, Karl-Heinz. Inârah 4. Berlin: Hans Schiler, 2009

Luxenberg, C: Relics of Syro-Aramaic Letters in Early Qur’ānic Codices of the ḥiğāzī and kūfī Style, from Karl-Heinz Ohlig, ed., Der Frühe Islam, Inârah: Schriften zur frühen Islamgeschichte und zum Koran, vol. 2 (Berlin, 2007), pp. 377–419.

Luxenberg, C: Syriac Liturgy and the “Mysterious Letters” in the Qur’ān: A Comparative Liturgical Study.

Luxenberg, C: The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran : A contribution to the decoding of the language of the Koran (tr. of Die Syro-aramäische Lesart des Koran: ein Beitrag zur Entschlusselung der Koransprache.(English) Berlin: Hans Schiler, 2004

Luxenberg, C: قراءة آرامية سريانية للقرآن – مساهمة في تفسير لغة القرآن (Arabic summary of The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Qur’ān by Ralf Ghadban). Dār al-Kitāb al-ʽArabī, Berlin 2000.

Marx, M; Sinai, N: Islamische und Jüdische Hermeneutik als Kulturkritik, Historische Sondierungen und methodische Reflexionen zur Korangenese – Wege zur Rekonstruktion des vorkanonischen Qur’ān. In Zusammenarbeit mit dem Seminar für Semitistik und Arabistik der Freien Universität Berlin Gefördert von der Fritz Thyssen Stiftung.

Neuenkichen, P: Late Antique Syriac Homilies and the Qurʾān. A Comparison of Content and Context in MIDÉO, 37 | 2022, pp.3-28.

Tamer, G (ed.) – Die Koranhermeneutik von Günter Lüling, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam – Tension, Transmission, Transformation 9, 1, De Gruyter 2018.

Wild, S – Lost in Philology? The Virgins of Paradise and the Luxenberg Hypothesis in Neuwirth, A; Sinai, N; Marx, M: The Qur’an in Context, Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qur’ānic Milieu from Böwering, G; McAuliffe, J: Texts and Studies on the Qur’ān, Vol.6, Brill 2010, pages 625-648.

Zellentin, H: Q 96 Sūrat al-ʿAlaq Between Philology and Polemics: A (Very) Critical Assessment of Günter Lüling’s Ur-Qurʾān.

The Early History of Islam

New historiography on the origins, expansion and development of the Islamic world

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Studies on early Islam

Abd al-Karim, Kh: قريش من القبيلة الى الدولة المركزية (‘The Quraysh from Tribe to Central State’), 2^nd ed., 1998, Beirut and Cairo.

Anthony, S: Muhammad and the Empires of Faith – The Making of the Prophet of Islam, University of California Press 2020.

Anthony, S – Why Does the Qur’an Need the Meccan Sanctuary? (Response to Professor Gerald Hawting’s 2017 Presidential Address) in Journal of the International Qur’anic Studies Association, 2018.

Bashear, S: Arabs and Others in Early Islam, Princeton, NJ, Darwin 1997.

Bashear, S: – نحو قراءة جديدة للرواية الإسلامية مقدمة في التاريخ الاخر Al-Quds, 1984.

Beck, D: Muhammad’s Night Journey in its Palestinian Context: a Perfect Solution to a Forgotten Problem (Q 17:1)

Bruning, J and De Jong, J and Sijpesteijn, P (edd.): Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean World From Constantinople to Baghdad, 500-1000 CE, Cambridge University Press 2022

Cook, D: Syria and the Arabs in Marsham, A: The Early Caliphate and the Inheritance of Late Antiquity (c. AD 610 –c. AD 750) in Rousseau, P (ed): A Companion to Late Antiquity, Blackwell Publications, 2009, pp.467-478.

Crone, P; Cook, M: Hagarism – The Making of the Islamic World Cambridge University Press 1977.

Crone, P; Cook, M: الهاجريون (tr. of Hagarism by N. Fayyād )

Crone, P; Hinds, M: God’s Caliph – Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam. Cambridge University Press 2003.

Crone, P: Imperial Trauma: The Case of the Arabs, Symposium: Imperial Trauma, Part 3. Common Knowledge 12:1. “006, pp.107-116.

Crone, P: Slaves on Horses: the Evolution of the Islamic Polity, Cambridge: CUP, 1980

Crone, P: The first century concept of Hiğra, Arabica, Journal of Arabic and Islamic studies, volume XLI, Brill, Leiden 1994.

Demichelis, M: ‘Arab Christian Confederations and Muhammad’s Believers: On the Origins of Jihad’, inReligions 2021, 12, 710.

Djait, H: الفتنة جدلية الدين والسياسة في الاسلام المبكر (‘The Grand Sedition – The Struggle between Faith and Politics in Early Islam’), 4^th Ed., Dār al-Ṭalīʽa, Beirut, 2000.

Donner, F: From Believers to Muslims: Confessional Self-identity in the Early Islamic Community. Al-Abhath, Vol. 50-51, 2002-2003, pp.9-53.

Donner, F: Modern approaches to early Islamic history in Robinson, C (ed): The New Cambridge History of Islam – Vol 1 – Formation of the Islamic World Sixth to Eleventh Centuries, Cambridge University Press, 2011, pages 625-647.

Donner, F: Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam,Harvard University Press 2010.

Donner, F: Qur’ânicization of Religio-Political Discourse in the Umayyad Period. Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, 129, Juillet 2011, pp.79-92.

Donner, F: The Early Islamic Conquests, Princeton Univrsity Press, 1981.

Donner, F: The Formation of the Islamic State Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 106, No. 2 (Apr. – Jun., 1986), pp. 283- 296.

Donner, F: The Islamic conquests Princeton University Press 1981.

Gaiser, A: Source-Critical Methodologies in Recent Scholarship on the Kharijites, History Compass 7/5 (2009): 1376–1390.

Gonzalez-Ferrin, E: Islamic Late Antiquity and Fatḥ – the Effect as Cause. Paper presented at Milano (june 2015) – Nangeroni Meeting, Early Islamic Studies Seminar.

Gonzalez-Ferrin, E: La Antigüedad Tardía Islámica: crítica al concepto de conquista. In Actas III-IV Jornadas de Arqueología e Historia Medieval, Frontera INferior de al-Andalus, pp.29-52.Mérida 2014.

Gross, M and Kerr, R (edd): Die Entstehung einer Weltreligion VI. Vom umayyadischen Christentum zum abbasidischen Islam: Studia Islamica Philologica (summary of contributions).

Gross, M: Early Islam: An Alternative Scenario of its Emergence, draft text from Routledge Handbook on Early Islam, August 2017.

Grypeou, E, Swanson, M and Thomas, D (edd): The Encounter of Eastern Christianity with Early Islam, Vol.5 of The History oif Christian-Muslim Relations, Brill, 2017.

Guidetti, M: The contiguity between churches and mosques in early Islamic Bilād al-Shām, Bulletin of SOAS ,76, 2 (2013), 229–258.

Hawting , G: The Origins of the Muslim Sanctuary at Mecca, in Studies on the First Century of Islam, edited by G. H. A. Juynboll, pp.23-48.

Hinds, M et al.: Studies in Early Islamic History. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1997.

Hodgson, M: The Venture of Islam, Conscience and History in a World Civilization. Volume I: The Classical Age of Islam. Book One: The Islamic Infusion: Genesis of a New Social Order, pp.101-230. University of Chicago Press, 1977.

Hoyland, R: In God’s Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire, Oxford University Press, 2015.

Hoyland, R (ed): Muslims and Others in Early Islamic Society (Introduction), Volume 18 of The Formation of the Classical Islamic World, Ashgate Variorum.

Hoyland, R: Reflections on the Identity of the Arabian Conquerors of the Seventh-Century Middle East, Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā 25 (2017) Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University.

Hussein, T: الفتنة الكبرى (I – ‘The Grand Riot’ – ‘Uthmān’) Dār al-Maʽārif bi-Misr.

Hussein, T: الفتنة الكبرى -(II علي وبنوه ‘Alī and his Sons’) Dār al-Maʽārif bi-Misr.

Juynboll, G (ed): Studies on the First Century of Islamic Society. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982.

Kaegi, W: Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Kister, M: ‘Do not assimilate yourselves’, Lā tashabbahū, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 12 (1989): 321-71.

Lahoud, N: The Early Kharijites and their Understanding of Jihād, Mélanges de l’Université Saint-Joseph, Volume LXII – 2009.

Lecker, M: Studies on the Life of Muhammad and the Dawn of Islam: Idol worshippers, Christians and Jews in Pre- and Early Islam, Routledge, 2024.

Lindstedt, I: Muhājirūn as a Name for the First/Seventh Century Muslims. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 74, No. 1 (April 2015), pp. 67-73.

Lindstedt, I: Signs of Identity in the Quran: Rituals, Practices, and Core Values, inLindstedt, I, Nikki, N and Turori, R (edd): Religious Identities in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Walking Together & Parting Ways Brill, 2021.

Madelung, W: The succession to Muḥammad, A study of the early Caliphate, Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Makin, A: From Musaylima to the Kharijite Najdiyya, Al-Jāmiʽah, Vol. 51, No. 1, 2013, pp.33-60.

Margoliouth, D: The Early Development of Mohammedanism, Hibbert Lectures, 1913.

Marsham, A: Rituals of Islamic Monarchy, Accession and Succession in the First Muslim Empire, Edinburgh University Press, 2009.

Marsham, A: The Early Caliphate and the Inheritance of Late Antiquity (c. AD 610 –c. AD 750) in Rousseau, P (ed): A Companion to Late Antiquity, Blackwell Publications, 2009, pp.479-493.

Mazuz, H: Early Islamic Differentiation from Judaism: Three Additional Case Studies in Judaïsme Ancien – Ancient Judaism 10 (2022), pp.243–249.

Nevo, Y and Koren, J: Crossroads to Islam: The Origins of the Arab Religion and the Arab State New York: Prometheus, 2003.

Ohlig, K – Shedding Light on the Beginnings of Islam, in Ohlig, K( ed): Early Islam, A Critical Reconstruction based on Contemporary Sources, Prometheus Books, 2013, pp.10-13.

Qemany, S, el-: حروب دولة الرسول – الجزء الاول (‘The Wars of the Prophet’s State’) حروب دولة الرسول – الجزء الثاني Maktabat Madbouli al-Saghir, 2^nd ed. Cairo 1996.

Retsö, J: Constantinople and the Early Islamic Conquests, in Istanbul as Seen from a Distance. Center and Provinces in the Ottoman Empire ed. E. Özdalga/M. S. Özervari/F. Tansug (Transactions of the Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul vol. 20), Istanbul 2011 pp. 29-36.

Rezakhani, Kh: The Arab Conquests and Sasanian Iran. Mizan Project. www.mizanproject.org.

Robinson, C: The rise of Islam, 600 705 in Robinson, C (ed): The New Cambridge History of Islam – Vol 1 – Formation of the Islamic World Sixth to Eleventh Centuries, Cambridge University Press, 2011, pages 173-225.

Robinson, M: The Population Size of Muḥammad’s Mecca and the Creation of the Quraysh in Der Islam 2022; 99 (1): 10–37

Rubin, U: Between Arabia and the Holy Land: A Mecca-Jerusalem axis of sanctity, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 34 (2008).

Rubin, U: Morning and Evening Prayers in Early Islam. Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 10 (1987), 40–64. [Reprinted in: Uri Rubin, Muhammad the Prophet and Arabia, Variorum Collected Studies Series (Ashgate, 2011), no. XIV.

Rubin, U: Muhammad’s Night Journey (isra’) to al-Masjid al-Aqsa: Aspects of the Earliest Origins of the Islamic Sanctity of Jerusalem. From al-Qantara 29 (2008), 147-65. [Reprinted in: Uri Rubin, Muhammad the Prophet and Arabia, Variorum Collected Studies Series (Ashgate, 2011), no. VII.

Rubin, U: Prophets and Caliphs: the Biblical Foundations of the Umayyad Authority in Herbert Berg (ed.), Method and Theology in the Study of Islamic origins (Leiden, 2003), 73-99.

Rubin, U: The ‘Constitution of Medina’: Some Notes. Studia Islamica 62 (1985), 5–23. (On the later development of the term mu’minūn to exclude the Jews).

Sizgorich, T: “Do Prophets Come with a Sword?” Conquest, Empire and Historical Narrative in the Early Islamic World.

Stroumsa, G: “Barbarians or Heretics? Jews and Arabs in Byzantine Consciousness,” in Robert Bonfil, et al., eds., Jews of Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures, Leiden: Brill, 2011, pp.761-776.

Tesei, Tommaso: Heraclius’ War Propaganda and the Qurʾān’s Promise of Reward for Dying in Battle, in Studia Islamica114 (2019) 219-247.

Wansbrough, J: The Sectarian Milieu: Content and Composition of Islamic Salvation History, Oxford: OUP, 1978.

Wellhausen, J: Skizzen Und Vorarbeiten, Vol 6: Prolegomena zur ältesten Geschichte des Islams. Verschiedenes. Berlin 1899.

Wilde, C: ‘We shall neither learn the Qur’ān nor teach it to our children’: The Covenant of Umar on Learning in Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam, No. 26, The Darwin Press, Princeton, 2014.

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* Early non-Muslim historical sources

Alternative views on the emergence of Islam from early / contemporary sources. See Library sub-section here.

Muslim Historiography

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Sīra texts

Tabari, al-: Al-Tabarī’s History, Vol 9 – The Last Years of the Prophet From I. Poonawala (tr. and ed.) The History of al-Tabarī, Vol. IX, Bibliotheca Persica, State University of New York Press.

Guillaume, A: The Life of Muhammad A Translation of Ishāq’s Sīrat Rasūl Allāh, Karachi, Oxford University Press, 1998.

Ibn Ishāq: السيرة النبوية (‘The Life of the Messenger of God’ – Arabic text) Ed. A. al-Muzīdī, Dār al-Kutub al-ʽIlmiyya, Beirut 2004.

Ibn Kathīr: The Life of the Prophet Muhammad Volume I, Al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya, Tr. Trevor Le Gassick, Garnet Publishing, 1998. (NB – very large file: 98 MB)

Ibn Kathīr: The Battles of the Prophet (from al-Bidāya wal-Nihāya) Tr. W. al-Shihab. Dar Al-Manarah, El-Mansoura, 2001.

Sīra historiography

Berg, H – Context: Muhammad in Rippin, A (ed): The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’ān Blackwell Publishing, 2006, pages 187-204. (On the connections between Muhammad and the Qur’ān, Muhammad’s role in Shaping the Qur’ān and the Qur’ān’s role in shaping the biography of Muhammad).

Crone, P: What do we actually know about Mohammed? https://opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/mohammed_3866.jsp June 2008.

Djait, H: في السيرة النبوية – الوحي والقرآن والنبوة (‘The Revelation, the Qur’ān and Prophecy’), On the Prophet’s Sīra – 1 – Dār al-Ṭalīʽa, Beirut, 1999.

Görke, A: Authorship in the Sira Literature, in Lale Behzadi, Jaakko Hämeen-Antilla (eds.), Concepts of Authorship in Pre-Modern Arabic Texts, Bamberg 2015, 63-92.

Görke, A: Prospects and Limits in the Study of the Historical Muḥammad. From The Transmission and Dynamics of the Textual Sources of Islam, Essays in Honour of Harald Motzki. Leiden, Brill, pp.137-151.

Görke, A; Schoeler, G: Reconstructing the Earliest sira Texts: the Hijra in the Corpus of ‘Urwa b. al-Zubayr, Der Islam 82 (2005), 209-220.

Hoyland, R: Writing the Biography of the Prophet Muhammad: Problems and Solutions History Compass 5 (2007). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2007.

Jansen, J: Subjective and Objective Problems with the Canonical Biography known as the Sîra, with special reference to Q 9:37 and Q 44:54. Otzenhausen, 4th Inârah Conference, 21 March 2014.

Jeffery, A: The Quest of the Historical Muhammad.The Muslim World, vol. 16: 327-48, 1926.

Jeffery, A: بحثاً عن مُحَمَّدٍ التَّاريِخي (Arabic tr. of The Quest of the Historical Muhammad). The Muslim World, vol. 16: 327-48, 1926.

Peters, F: The Quest of the Historical Muhammad, in: IJMES 23 (1991): 291-315

Robinson, C: History and Heilgeschichte in early Islam: Some observations on prophetic history and biography

Robinson, C: Islamic Historiography, Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Rubin, U: The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1995.

Schoeler, G: Foundations for a New Biography of Muhammad: The Production and Evaluation of the Corpus of Traditions according to ‘Urwah b. al-Zubayr in Berg, H (ed): Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins. Islamic History and Civilisation. Studies and Texts, Volume 49, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2003, pp.21-28.

Shoemaker, S: In search of ‘Urwa’s Sīra: Some Methodological Issues in the Quest for ‘Authenticity’ in the Life of Muhammad Der Islam Bd. 85, S. 257–344.

Williams, R: An Analysis of the Supernatural Archetype of the Prophet Muḥammad as Found in the Sīra/Ta’rīkh and Tafsīr Works of al-Ṭabarī and Ibn Kathīr, PhD Thesis, 2006.

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Studies on the Life of Muhammad

Andrae, T: Mohammed: The Man and his Faith, tr. T. Menzel, London, 1956.

Bora, C : “All we know is What We Have Been Told” : Reflections on Emigration and Land as Divine Heritage in the Qur’ān, in Carlos A. Segovia and Basil Lourié (eds): The Coming of the Comforter: When, Where, and to Whom? Studies on the Rise of Islam and Various Other Topics in Memory of John Wansbrough, xv–xxiv. Gorgias Press, 2012, pp.303-342.

Casanova, P: Mohammed and the End of the World, Critical Study of Primitive Islam, tr. D.R. Ross, 2016.

Casanova, P: Mohammed et la fin du monde, Étude critique sur l’Islam primitif. Paris, Geuthner, 1911. NB Large file, MB.

Courtieu, G: Al-Muttalib : La présence d’un Dieu dans la famille de Mahomet, Cahiers du Cercle Ernest Renan 248/2009.

Gilliot, C: Die Schreib- und/oder Lesekundigkeit in Mekka und Yathrib/Medina zur Zeit Mohammeds (‘Literacy in Mecca and Yathriib at the time of Muhammad’). From Groß (Markus)/Karl-Heinz Ohlig (Hg.), Schlaglichter. Die beiden ersten islamischen Jahrhunderte, Berlin, Verlag Hans Schiler (Inārah. Schriften zur frühen Islamgeschichte und zum Koran, 3), 2008, p. 293-319

Gilliot, C: Hieß der Prophet Muḥammad? Inārah, http://www.2013.inarah.de/index.php?id=128

Goldziher, I: Mohammed and Islam Tr. K . Seelye, Yale University Press, 1917.

Kerr, R: Zur Mohammeddämmerung. Homer und Mohammed als fiktive Gestalten, Imprimatur 49/1 (2016): 57-61. Inara.de.

Margoliouth, D: Mohammed and the Rise of Islam 3^rd Edition, Putnam’s, London, New York 1905.

Motzki, H: The Biography of Muḥammad: The Issue of the Sources, Islamic History and Civilization – Studies and Texts, Vol. 32, Brill, Leiden 2000.

Newby, G – The Making of the Last Prophet: A reconstruction of the earliest biography of Muhammad. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1989.

Powers, D – Muḥammad is Not the Father of Any of Your Men: The Making of the Last Prophet, Philadelphia 2009.

Reynolds, G: Remembering Muḥammad, Numen 58 (2011), pp.188-206, Brill, Leiden 2011.

Rodinson, M: Mahomet, Éditions du Seuil, May 1994.

Rodinson, M: Mohammed (English tr.by A. Carter) Penguin Books, 1985.

Rubin, U: The Great Pilgrimage of Muhammad: Some Notes on Sura IX, Journal of Semitic Studies 27 (1982), 241–260. (On the Prophet’s Islamisation of the Hajj and its detachment from the Spring Passover and Easter festivals aof the Jews and Christians).

Shoemaker, S: The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad’s Life and the Beginnings of Islam. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.

Sprenger, A: The Life of Mohammad, from Original Sources. Allahabad 1851. Engl tr. of Das Leben und die Lehre des Mohammad, nach bisher grösstentheils unbenutzten Quellen.

Watt, W M : Muhammad at Mecca, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1953.

Watt, W M: محمد في مكة (Arabic tr. of Muhammad at Mecca) Tr. Dr. A. al-Shaykh, Cairo 1994.

Watt, W M: Muhammad at Medina, Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1956.

Watt, W M: Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman, London: Oxford University Press, 1961.

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Early historical writing

Source texts

Tabari, al- تاريخ الطبري (‘Al-Tabarī’s History’ – Arabic text) (NB – very large file: 62 MB)

Tabari, al-: Al-Tabarī’s History, Vol 39 –Biographies of the Prophet’s Companions and their Successors From E. Landau-Tasseron (tr. and ed.) The History of al-Tabarī, Vol. XXXIX, Bibliotheca Persica, State University of New York Press.

Studies on Muslim historiography on early Islam

Astren, F: Re-reading the Arabic sources: Jewish history and the Muslim conquests. JSAI 36 (2009) pp.83-130.

Bamdadan, M: Die dunkle Krypta, Eine vergleichende Analyses der islamischen Historiographie. Inarah,de.

Donahue, T: To what extent is the term “Jāhiliyya” an appropriate label to describe the milieu in which Islam emerged? A Psycho-Social Interpretation of the Religious Construction of Jāhiliyya (‘Freud, Religion and Jahiliyya Poetry’).

Donner, F: Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1998.

Drory, R: The Abbasid Construction of the Jahiliyya: Cultural Authority in the Making. In Studia Islamica, 1996/1 (February), pp. 38-49.

Gilliot, C : Al-Ṭabarī and the ‘history of Salvation’, in Hugh Kennedy (ed.), Al-Tabari, A Medieval historian and his work, Princeton NJ, The Darwin Press (SLAEI, 15), 2008, VII+384 p. 131-140.

Gilliot, C : La transmission du message muhammadien. Juristes et théologiens (‘The transmission of Mohammad’s legacy. Jurists and theologians’). 2012 G. 3.140. From Thiérry Bianquis, Pierre Guichard, Matthieu Tillier (sous la direction de), Les Débuts du monde musulman. De Muhammad aux dynasties autonomes, Paris, PUF (Nouvelle Clio), 2012, chap. XXV, 373-406.

Gilliot, C: Mythe, récit, histoire du salut dans le Commentaire coranique de Tabari (‘Myth, narrative, history of salvation in Tabari’s Koranic Commentary’). JA (Journal Asiatique), CCLXXXII (1994), p. 237-70. (NB large file: 53 MB)

Görke, A: Die frühislamische Geschichtsüberlieferung zu Hudaibiya, Der Islam 74 (1997), 193-237.

Görke, A: The historical Tradition about al-Hudaybiya: A Study of ‘Urwa b. al-Zubayr’s Account, in: Harald Motzki (ed.), The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources, Leiden 2000, 240-275. (English translation of Die frühislamische Geschichtsüberlieferung zu Hudaibiya).

Görke, A: The relationship between maghāzī and hadīth in early Islamic scholarship, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies / Volume 74 / Issue 02 / June 2011, pp 171-185

Grodzki , M: “Muslims” and “Islam” in Middle Eastern Literature of the 7^th and 8^th Centuries AD: An Alternative Perspective of West European Oriental Scholarship, in Studia Orientalia Vol. 112, Finnish Oriental Society, 2012.

Hoyland, R: Arabic, Syriac and Greek Historiography in the First Abbasid Century: an Inquiry into Inter-cultural Traffic, ARAM 3:1&2 (1991) pp.211-233.

Hoyland, R: History, Fiction and Authorship in early Islam.

Karimi-Nia, M: The Historiography of the Qur’an in the Muslim World: The Influence of Theodor Nöldeke, Journal of Qur’anic Studies 15i (2013)

Lindstedt, I: The portrayal of the pre-Islamic Arabs as murderers of their own infants.

Motzki, H: Analysing Muslim Traditions, Studies in Legal, Exegetical and Maghāzī Ḥadīth. With Nicolet Boekhoff-van der Voort and Sean W. Anthony, Brill, Leiden and Boston, 2010.

Nöldeke, T: Zur tendenziösen Gestaltung der Urgeschichte des Islām’s. ZDMG (Leipzig) 52. 1898, pp.16-33.

Noth, A: The Early Arabic Historical Tradition: a Source-Critical Study. Second edition, in collaboration with Lawcrend Conrad. Trans. Michael Bonner. Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam 3. Princeton: Darwin Press.

Ohlig, K: Zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte des Islam. Geschichte und Geschichten, in Markus Groß / Karl-Heinz Ohlig (Hg.), Die Entstehung einer Weltreligion II. Von der koranischen Bewegung zum Frühislam (Inârah. Schriften zur frühen Islamgeschichte und zum Koran, Bd. 6), Verlag Hans Schiler: Berlin 2011, 814 S.

Toral-Niehoff, I: Talking about Arab origins: The transmission of the ayyām al-ʿarab in Kūfah, Baṣrah and Bagdad, in Scheiner, Damien Janos (eds.) Contexts of Learning in Baghdad from the 8th to the 10th centuries. Proceedings of the International Conference in Göttingen 12.-14. September 2011.

Webb, P: Al-Jāhiliyya: Uncertain Times of Uncertain Meanings. Der Islam 91 (2014) 69-94.

Webb, P: Creating Arab Origins: Muslim Constructions of al-Jāhiliyya and Arab History, Doctoral thesis, SOAS, London 2014.

Webb, P: Cry me a Jāhiliyya: Muslim Reconstructions of Pre-Islamic Arabian Culture – A Case Study in Islam at 250: Studies in Memory of G.H.A. Juynboll, 2020, pp.235-280.

Webb, P: Pre-Islamic al-Sham in Classical Arabic Literature. Studia Islamica 110 (2015) 135-164.

Webb, P: The Hajj before Muhammad in The Hajj: Collected Papers, Liana Saif and Venetia Porter (eds), London: British Museum Press, 2013, 6-14.

Hadith and early Fiqh

Historical influences on the development of Islam as a faith

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‘Abd al-Karim, Kh: الجذور التاريخية للشريعة الإسلامية (‘The Historical Roots of Islamic Sharīʻa’) Dar Misr al-Mahrusa, Cairo 2004.

‘Abd al-Rāziq, ‘Alī: الإسلام وأصول الحكم Islam and the Foundations of Governance: an Investigation into the Caliphate and Government in Islam, Dar al-Hilal, 1925.

Berg, H: Competing Paradigms in the Study of Islamic Origins: Qur’ān 15:89-91 and the Value of Isnāds, in Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins, pp.259-290.

Burton, J: Qur’ān and Sunnah: A Case of Cultural Disjunction in Berg, H (ed): Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins. Islamic History and Civilisation. Studies and Texts, Volume 49, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2003, pp.137-158.

Burton, J: The Sources of Islamic Law: Islamic Theories of Abrogation. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990.

Calder, N: Islamic Jurisprudence in the Classical Era Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Calder, N: Studies in Early Muslim Jurisprudence. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1993.

Cook, D: New Testament Citations in the Ḥadīth Literature and the Question of Early Gospel Translations into Arabic in Grypeou, E (ed): The Encounter of Eastern Christianity with Early Islam, Leiden / Boston: Brill, 2006, pp.185-224.

Cook, M: The Opponents of the Writing of Tradition in Early Islam, Arabica T. 44, Fasc. 4, Voix et Calame en Islam Médiéval (Oct., 1997), pp. 437-530.

Crone, P: Jāhilī and Jewish Law: the qasāma. Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 4. Jerusalem, 1984. Ashgate Variorum.

Crone, P: Roman, Provincial and Islamic Law: The Origins of the Islamic Patronate. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Fawzi, I: تدوين السنة (‘The Documentation of Sunnah and Hadith’), Riad el-Rayyes, 2^nd Ed. 1995.

Fishman, T: Guarding Oral Transmission: Within and Between Cultures, Oral Tradition, 25/1 (2010): 41-5.

Goldziher, I: Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law Translated by. A. Hamor and R. Hamori, Princeton University Press, 1981.

Goldziher, I: تاريخ التطور العقدي والتشريعي في الدين الإسلامي (Arabic tr. of Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law); 2^nd Ed. Dār al-Kutub al-Hadītha, Cairo, Baghdad,

Goldziher, I: درسهای در باره اسلام (Persian tr. of Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law); 2^nd Ed. 1938. (The translation includes chapters I to IV. Chapters V ‘The Sects’ and VI ‘Later Develoments’ are untranslated).

Goldziher, I: Muhammedanische Studien (Part I) (NB Large file 64 MB)

Goldziher, I: Muhammedanische Studien (Part II: Ueber die Entwicklung des Hadith) (NB Large file: 64 MB)

Goldziher, I: Muslim Studies (Muhammedanische Studien), Volume Two – On the Development of Hadith and the Veneration of Saints, Excursuses and Annotations, Tr. C. Barber and S. Stern, New York, 1971.

Görke, A: Eschatology, History, and the Common Link: A Study in Methodology, in: Herbert Berg (ed.), Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins, Leiden 2003, 179-208.

Hakim, A: Conflicting Images of Lawgivers: The Caliph and the Prophet: Sunna ‘Umar and Sunnat Muḥammad in Berg, H (ed): Method and Theory in the Study of Islamic Origins. Islamic History and Civilisation. Studies and Texts, Volume 49, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2003, pp.159-178.

Hallaq, W: The authenticity of Prophetic Hadith: A Pseudo-problem, Studia Islamica 99 (1999), pp. 75-90

Hallaq, W: The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law, Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Hilali, A : Authentifier le texte sacré en islam. Science du texte et science des hommes, in Unus inter pares. Studies on Shared Scholarship, éd. Pascale Catherine Hummel, Philologicum, Paris, 2009, p. 67-79.

Hilali, A: Compiler, exclure, cacher. Les traditions dites « forgées » dans l’Islam sunnite (VIe/XIIe siècle)” in Revue d’Histoire des Religions, Paris, 2 -2011.

Hilali, A: The Notion of Truth in Hadith Sciences, in Johannes Thon (ed.) The Claim of Truth in Religious Contexts, Orientwissenschaftliche Hefte 27, Halle-Wittenberg, 2009.

Juynboll, G: Muslim Tradition, Studies in chronology, provenance and authorship of early ḥadīth, Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization, Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Motzki, H: Abraham, Hagar and Ishmael at Mecca: A Contribution to the Problem of Dating Muslim Traditions, in Books and Written Culture of the Islamic World. Studies Presented to Claude Gilliot on the Occasion of His 75th Birthday, ed. by A. Rippin and R. Tottoli, Leiden/Boston 2015, pp. 361-384.

Motzki, H: Dating Muslim Traditions: A Survey, Arabica LII,2 (Brill, Leiden) 2005.

Motzki, H: Ewig wahre Quellen? Wie glaubwürdig sind die Hadithe? in: Schneiders, Thorsten Gerald ( Hrsg.), Islamverherrlichung. Wenn die Kritik zum Tabu wird. VS Verlag, Wiesbaden 2010, pp.57-72.

Motzki, H: Methods of Dating Early Legal Traditions, Islamic Law and Society 19 (2012), pp.1-10.

Motzki, H: The Origins of Islamic Jurisprudence: Meccan Fiqh before the Classical Schools. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2001.

Motzki, H: The Role of non-Arab Converts in the Development of early Islamic Law, Islamic Law and Society, 6,3, Brill, Leiden 1999.

Muhammad, Y: مشكلة الحديث Mu’assasat al-Intishar al-Arabi, Beirut 2007.

Powers, D: The Qur’ān and its Legal Environment in Deconstructing Islamic Studies (Ilex Foundation), 2020. Demonstrates a number of contemporary legal practicies (Aramaic, Roman, Byzantine) which the Qur’ān later presented as a command from Allah.

Reinhart, A: Juybolliana, Gradualism, the Big Bang, and Ḥadīth Study in the Twenty-First Century, Dartmouth College.

Sadeghi, B: The Traveling Tradition Text: A Method for Dating Traditions, Der Islam, 2008; 85,1.

Schacht, J: A Revaluation of Islamic Traditions, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1949): 143-154.

Schacht, J: An Introduction to Islamic Law, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1982.

Schacht, J: The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1950.

Schacht, J: اصول الفقه (Arabic tr. of The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence ) Dār al-Kutub al-Lubnānī, Beirut, 1981.

Shah, M (ed): The Hadīth, Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies (Introduction), Routledge, London, New York, 2010.

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Archaeology, Epigraphy, Numismatics and Topography

Al-Isa, M: (هل كانت بداية الإسلام في بلاد الشام؟) تاريخ الاسلام المبكر (‘The History of Early Islam – Were the beginnings of Islam in Syria?’)

Bacharach, J: Signs of Sovereignty, the Shahāda, Qurʾanic verses, and the coinage of ʿAbd al-Malik,in Muqarnas, Volume 27, 2010.

Bates, M: Roman and Early Muslim Coinage in North Africa. From North Africa from Antiquity to Islam: Papers of a Conference held at Bristol, October 1994 (ed. Mark Horton and Thomas Wiedemann; Centre for Mediterranean Studies, University of Bristol, Occasional Paper 13; Bristol, 1995), pp. 12-15.

Blair, S; Bloom, J – Inscriptions in art and architecture in McAuliffe, J (ed): The Cambridge Companion to the Qur’ān Cambridge University Press 2007, pages 163-180.

Gibson, D: اتجاه الصلاة – القبلة الإسلامي الأول Arabic tr. of references from the book Qur’ānic Geography – A survey of the geographical references in the Qur’ān, by D. Gibson.

Gibson, D: Four Ka’bas. A discussion on early Islamic Qiblas, arguing that the first Kaʽba was built at Petra and the last at Mecca. An examination of the archaeological remains of the Petran Kaʽba, and a comparison with the descriptions given by early Muslim writers. April 2018.

Gibson, D: Qur’ānic Geography. Independent Scholars Press (2011). A survey and evaluation of the geographical references in the Qur’ān, presenting a comprehensive study of every geographic reference in the Qur’ān in light of its historic context. Qur’ānic geographic references are concentrated in North Arabia. The original “Holy City” of Islam is not Mecca but another major prosperous ancient center of trade – Petra.

Gibson, D: Qur’ānic Geography (Summary of the book’s argument).

Gibson, D: Supporting Evidence that Petra was the original Holy City of Mecca (Part VII of Early Islamic Qiblas) Canbooks.CA.

Grodzki, M: Christian-Muslim Symbolism on Coins of the Early Arab Empire (7 –8th century CE), An Attempt at a New Approach, Asian and African Studies, Volume 23, Number 2, 2014.

Grodzki, M: Yehuda D. Nevo – a comprehensive skeptical theory on the genesis of Islam, Rocznik Orientalistyczny, T. LXXI, Z. 1, 2018, (pp.55-95). (Employing archaeology and epigraphy).

Heger, C: Yā muḥammad – kein “O Mohammed”, under wer ist ‘alī? in Groß, M and Ohlig K, Die beiden ersten islamischen Jahrhunderte, Berlin (Verlag Hans Schiler) 2008, pp. 278-292. Evidence from an ancient talisman that the terms ‘muḥammad’ and ‘alī’ were titles, not names.

Heidemann, S: Numismatics. From Robinson, C (ed): The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1, The Formation of the Islamic world, Sixth to Eleventh centuries. Part IV: The Historiography of Early Islamic History, p. 648ff. Cambridge University Press 2010.

Heidemann, S – The Evolving Representation of the Early Islamic Empire and its Religion on Coin Imagery in Neuwirth, A; Sinai, N; Marx, M: The Qur’an in Context, Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qur’ānic Milieu from Böwering, G; McAuliffe, J: Texts and Studies on the Qur’ān, Vol.6, Brill 2010, pages 149-196.

Hoyland, R: Arab kings, Arab tribes and the beginnings of Arab historical memory in late Roman epigraphy.

Hoyland, R: Epigraphy in Encyclopaedia of the Qur’ān, Brill, Leiden, Vol. 2.

Hoyland, R: Epigraphy and the Emergence of Arab Identity, in From al-Andalus to Khurasan, Documents from the Medieval Muslim World, Brill 2007, pp.219-242.

Hoyland, R: Epigraphy and the linguistic background to the Qur’ān in Reynolds, G (ed): The Qur’ān in its Historical Context, Routledge Studies in the Qur’ān. London / New York: Routledge, 2008. Pages 51-69.

Hoyland, R: New documentary texts and the early Islamic state Bulletin of SOAS, 69, 3 (2006), 395–416. School of Oriental and African Studies.

Johns, J: Archaeology and the History of Early Islam: the First Seventy Years, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 46.4.

Kennet, D: On the eve of Islam: archaeological evidence from Eastern Arabia Antiquity, 79 (303) 2005, pp. 107-118.

Kerr, R: Die islamische Kabbala: eine Neuorientierung, Inârah 9, 2020.

Kerr, R: Kann die semitische Epigraphik etwas über die Enstehung des Korans erzählen? in Gross M; Ohlig, K: Die Entstehung einer Weltreligion I, Berlin, Schiler, 2010 (Von der aramaischen Lesekulture zur arabischen Schreibkultur I).

Lindstedt, I – Epigraphy in Islamic studies: a bibliographic guide.

Lindstedt, I: Who is in, who is out? Early Muslim identity through epigraphy and theory, in Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 46 (2019).

Little, J: Identifying the Qurʾānic Milieu (“Where Was the Koran Written?”)

Marsham, A: The Architecture of Allegiance in Early Islamic Late Antiquity: The Accession of Mu‘awiya in Jerusalem, ca. 661 CE. In Beihammer A; Constantinou, S; Parani, M (eds) Court Ceremonies and Rituals of Power in Byzantium and the Mediaeval Mediterranean, Comparative Perspectives. Brill 2013.

Milwright, M: The Dome of the Rock and its Umayyad Mosaic Inscriptions, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh Studies in Islamic Art, 1, 2016.

Milwright, M: Archaeology and material culture in Robinson, C (ed): The New Cambridge History of Islam – Vol 1 – Formation of the Islamic World Sixth to Eleventh Centuries, Cambridge University Press, 2011, pages 664-682.

Myers, A: The Early Religious Beliefs of the Arabs of Palestine, Seminar Paper for Islamic Archaeology of Syria and Palestine, April 2015.

Reinink, G: Early Christian Reactions to the Building of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalemin Христианский ВостокVol. 2, 2001, pp.227-241.

Shaddel, M: Studia onomastica coranica: al-raqīm, caput Nabataeae, Journal of Semitic Studies 62, 2017, pp. 303-318. On the possible toponym of Petra of the Qur’ānic term raqīm, a hapax legomenon that appears in Qur’ān 18:9, at the beginning of the story of the ‘companions of the cave’.

Smyth, J: The Mecca Question. A Review of Section 6 of D. Gibson: A Qur’anic Geography: (A survey of the geographical references in the Qur’an).

Smyth, J: مكة في جغرافية القرآن (Arabic translation of The Mecca Question: A Review of Section 6 of Qur’anic Geography: (a survey of the geographical references in the Qur’an).

Von Sivers, P: Christology and Prophetology in the early Umayyad Arab Empire, in K.-H. Ohlig und M. Gross (Hg.), Die Entstehung einer Weltreligion III, Die heilige Stadt Mekka – eine literarishche Fiktion, Inârah-Sammelband 7 (Schiler Verlag, Berlin-Tübingen, 2014), pp.255-285.

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المصادر العربية وكتب الاستشراق التي ترجمت إلى العربية

Abdeljalil, M-A: بضع ملاحظات على أسلوب الالتفات في القرآن (‘Some observations on the style of exclamatory apostrophe in the Qur’ān’)

Abdeljalil, M-A : دور محمد في تأليف القرآن (‘The role of Muhammad in the Composition of the Qur’ān’)

‘Abd al-Karim, Kh: الجذور التاريخية للشريعة الإسلامية (‘The Historical Roots of Islamic Sharīʻa’) Cairo 2004.

Abd al-Karim, Kh: قريش من القبيلة الى الدولة المركزية (‘The Quraysh from Tribe to Central State’), 2^nd ed., 1998, Beirut and Cairo.

‘Abd al-Rāziq, ‘Alī: الإسلام وأصول الحكم Islam and the Foundations of Governance: an Investigation into the Caliphate and Government in Islam, Dar al-Hilal, 1925.

Bashear, S: – نحو قراءة جديدة للرواية الإسلامية مقدمة في التاريخ الاخر Al-Quds, 1984.

Charfi, A: الاسلام بين الرسالة والتاريخ (‘Islam between the Message and the History’), 2^nd ed., Dār al-Ṭalīʽa, Beirut, 2008.

Cheikho, L: النصرانية وآدابها بين عرب الجاهلية (‘Christianity and its Literature among the Pre-Islamic Arabs‘) Dar al-Sharq, 2nd ed. 1989.

Crone, P: تجارة مكة وظهور الاسلام (Arabic tr. of Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam ) Al-Mashrūʽ al-Qawmī lil-Tarjama, 2005.

Crone, P; Cook, M: الهاجريون (Arabic tr. of Hagarism – The Making of the Islamic World )

Djait, H: تاريخية الدعوة المحمدية (‘The Historicity of Muhammad’s Call’), On the Prophet’s Sīra – 2 – Dār al-Ṭalīʽa, Beirut, 1999.

Fawzi, I: تدوين السنة (‘The Documentation of Sunnah and Hadith’), Riad el-Rayyes, 2^nd Ed. 1995.

Goldziher, I: مذاهب التفسير الإسلامي (Die Richtungen der islamischen Koranauslegung), Arabic tr. by Dr. Abd al-Halim al-Najjār, Cairo 1955.

Hainthaler, T: المسيحيون العرب قبل الِإسلام (‘Arab Christians before Islam’) Arabic tr. of Christliche Araber vor dem Islam: Verbreitung und konfessionelle Zugehörigkeit; eine Hinführung, tr. L. Fāyid. Dār al-Nashr al-Usqufiyya, 2024.

Hariri, A-M al-: أعربي هو؟ بحث في عروبة الإسلام (‘Was he an Arab? Reseach on the Arab Character of Islam’), 2007.

Hariri, A-M al-: عالم المعجزات – بحث في تاريخ القرآن (‘The World of Miracles; a Study on the History of the Qur’ān’) 1986.

Hariri, A-M al-: قس ونبي – بحث في نشأة الإسلام (‘Priest and Prophet’ – A Study on the Origin of Islam’). 1979.

Hussein, T: في الأدب الجاهلي (‘On pre-Islamic Literature’) 3^rd Ed. Faruq, Cairo, 1933.

Hussein, T: في الشعر الجاهلي (‘On pre-Islamic Poetry’) Dar al-Nadwa.

Hussein, T: الفتنة الكبرى (I – ‘The Grand Riot’ – ‘Uthmān’) Dār al-Maʽārif bi-Misr.

Hussein, T: الفتنة الكبرى -(II علي وبنوه ‘Alī and his Sons’) Dār al-Maʽārif bi-Misr.

Ibn Abī Dā’ūd: كتاب المصاحف (Arabic text)

Ibn Ishāq: السيرة النبوية (‘The Life of the Messenger of God’ – Arabic text) Ed. A. al-Muzīdī, Dār al-Kutub al-ʽIlmiyya, Beirut 2004.

Jeffery, A: بحثاً عن مُحَمَّدٍ التَّاريِخي (Arabic tr. of The Quest of the Historical Muhammad). The Muslim World, vol. 16: 327-48, 1926.

Kalbi, Hisham Ibn al-: كتاب الأصنام (Arabic text) Ed. A. Basha, Dar al-Kutub, Cairo 1995.

Karmali, A, al-: اديان العرب و خرافاتهم (‘The Religions and Myths of the Arabs’), Al-Mu’assasat al-‘Arabiyya lil-Dirāsāt wal-Nashr, Beirut 2005.

Kropp, M: ما وراء الفاظ مفردة in Reynolds, G (ed): القرآن في محيطه التاريخي – Tr. Sa‘d Allah al-Sa‘dī, Al-Jamal Publications, 2012, pp.303-320.

Luxenberg, C: قراءة آرامية سريانية للقرآن – مساهمة في تفسير لغة القرآن (Arabic summary of The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Qur’ān by Ralf Ghadban).

Muhammad, Y: مشكلة الحديث Mu’assasat al-Intishar al-Arabi, Beirut 2007.

Nōldeke, T: تاريخ القرآن (Arabic tr. of History of the Qur’an) Dār Nashr George Alms, Zurich, New York, 2000.

Reynolds, G.S,: نشوء الإسلام – التقاليد الكلاسيكيّة من منظور معاصر (the opening section of The Emergence of Islam, tr. Saʽd Saʽdī and ‘Abbūd Saʽdī), Beirut, Dar al-Machreq, 2017.

Schacht, J: اصول الفقه (Arabic tr. of The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence ) Dār al-Kutub al-Lubnānī, Beirut, 1981.

Sell, C: تدوين القرآن (Arabic tr. of Recensions of the Qur’ān )

Suyūtī, J. al-: الاتقان في علوم القرآن (Arabic text) Islamicbook, 2010.

Tabari, al- تاريخ الطبري (‘Al-Tabarī’s History’ – Arabic text) (NB – very large file: 62 MB)

Watt, W M: محمد في مكة (Arabic tr. of Muhammad at Mecca) Tr. Dr. A. al-Shaykh, Cairo 1994. Normal 0 false false false EN-GB X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4

Jallad, A al-: Graeco-Arabica I: the southern Levant. In Le contexte de naissance de l’écriture arabe. Écrit et écritures araméennes et arabes au 1er millénaire après J.-C., Actes du colloque international du projet ANR Syrab, edited by F. Briquel-Chatonnet, M. Debié, and L. Nehmé. Louvain: Peeters (Orientalia Lovaniensa Analecta)

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Almuslih

The Almuslih Library

Introduction

Collected overviews

On the methodology of contemporary research on Islamic origins

The Late Antique Cultural Milieu

History & Cultural Context

Religion

Pre-Islamic Arabia

The Political, Anthropological and Economic Environment

Arab paganism

The Nabataeans

Pre-Islamic Arab monotheism

Arab Judaism

Arab Christianity

The Constituents of the Qur’ān

Overviews

Mythological / Pagan elements

Zoroastrian elements

Manichaean elements

Judaic elements

Christian elements

Judeo-Christian Apocalypticism, Eschatology and Messianism

The ‘Jewish-Christianity’ theory

Research on the Text of the Qur’ān

* Studies by Qur’ānic sūra

Chronological re-orderings of the Sūras

Literary analysis of the Qur’ān text

Philology as an exegetical tool

Arabic linguistics

Foreign vocabulary in the Qur’ān

Some key terms and passages

The debate on Syriac linguistic influence

The Qur’ānic Vorlage thesis

The Early History of Islam

Studies on early Islam

* Early non-Muslim historical sources

Muslim Historiography

Sīra texts

Sīra historiography

Studies on the Life of Muhammad

Early historical writing

Source texts

Studies on Muslim historiography on early Islam

Hadith and early Fiqh

Archaeology, Epigraphy, Numismatics and Topography

المصادر العربية وكتب الاستشراق التي ترجمت إلى العربية