Makka in history – 4
THE ‘AMR IBN AL-‘ĀS MOSQUE in Fusṭāṭ, built in 641 AD, was modernized in 673 AD during the reign of Mu‘āwiya ibn Abī Sufyān who…
Progressive, Enlightened Voices from the Arab World
THE ‘AMR IBN AL-‘ĀS MOSQUE in Fusṭāṭ, built in 641 AD, was modernized in 673 AD during the reign of Mu‘āwiya ibn Abī Sufyān who…
BY THE END of the first century AD maritime trade via the Red Sea was flourishing because it was cheaper…
IN THE WRITINGS of the Greeks and Romans, and also in the Torah, southern Arabia was depicted as a rich…
SOME PROPONENTS of Qur’ānic miracles have imbibed this illusion and claimed that Makka indeed stands at the centre of the…
SINCE THE ROMAN Empire had hostile relations with the Sasanian Empire in Persia, the Roman Empire in Constantinople sought the…
ACCORDINGLY, WE CAN say that all works of Arab genealogy are nothing but tales written by some who claimed to…
WHEN MUHAMMAD BEGAN his call, he began with short suras of the Qur’an, consisting of saj‘ rhymes that imitated the rhymes of…
WHAT IS A CONSTITUTION? It is a set of rules that lay down the principles for the protection of public…
ABD AL-MALIK LATER established what is known as the ‘Mosque of the Rock’, an imposing structure with eight ribs and…
ONE CANNOT RELY on these sources because they were not written for the purpose of history, but mostly for the…