THE ARABS THROUGHOUT their known history, have relied on the oral transmission of their experiences, and did not care at…

AMONG THE MOST FAMOUS Mu‘tazilites were Wāṣil ibn ‘Aṭā’, ‘Amr ibn ‘Ubayd, Ibrāhīm al-Naẓẓām, Hishām ibn ‘Amr al-Fūṭī, Al-Zamakhsharī the…

AL-BAGHAWI ARGUED that Maryam was saying “If you are a believer, do not oppress me” meaning that your piety should…

THIS SLIPPERY REVERENTIAL, justificatory mentality has been obsessed with searching for ways out of embarrassing dilemmas – a process that…

THIS WAS BECAUSE Imām Ali was aware that “the Qur’ān does not speak, but rather it is men who speak…

AS THIS CONFUSION began to take root, the Rightly-Guided Caliphate descended into non-stop strife – wars with those who opposed zakāh,…

IN BOTH CASES the result is the same: the Prophet introduced a new religion, spent his life spreading and consolidating…

SINCE THE RELIGIOUS TEXT is always sacred and may not be violated, whether by any emendation, alteration, deletion, addition or…