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\n

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\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645 (965- 1039\u0645) \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0631\u0648\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 (Roger Bacon) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1294\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 (Alhazen). \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 255 \u0633\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0643\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 “\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645” \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0646 (George Sarton) [5]:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0626\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u0645\u064e\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>
\n

\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0647\u0645\u0643<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u2013 2<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645  \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u064e\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629  \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u061f \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

1-Glick, Thomas F. & Livesey, Steven John, Faith Wallis, Medieval Science, technology, and medicine: an encyclopedia<\/em>. 2005. Routledge, 194.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2-Huff, Toby, The rise of early modern science: Islam, China, and the West<\/em>. 2003, Cambridge University Press, p.114.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3-Sanduk, M.I., (2009), “The Influence of Freedom on Growth of Science in Arabic-Islamic and Western Civilizations”, PhilSci-Archive, University of Pittsburgh. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/philsci-archive.pitt.edu\/4766\/<\/a>. Retrieved 2011-12-22. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

4-Reilly, R. R. (2010), The Closing of the Muslim Mind<\/em>, ISI Books. USA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5-Sarton, G. (1931). Introduction to the History of Science (3 v. in 5), Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication no. 376. Baltimore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 Opticae Thesaurus Alhazeni Arabis<\/em> \u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062b, \u0639\u0627\u0645 1572.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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