{"id":1362,"date":"2022-04-07T17:00:54","date_gmt":"2022-04-07T16:00:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/almuslih.org\/ar\/?p=1362"},"modified":"2022-04-08T11:12:45","modified_gmt":"2022-04-08T10:12:45","slug":"%d9%87%d9%84-%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b3%d9%82%d8%b7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/almuslih.org\/ar\/2022\/04\/07\/%d9%87%d9%84-%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b3%d9%82%d8%b7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%9f\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0647\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n
\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0636 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0646\u0629. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n

\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u064f\u0631\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a) \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a[1].<\/li>
  2. \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 (\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629). \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627 [2].<\/li>
  3. \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 [2]. \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u064e\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 (\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627).  \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0642\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a. \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0628.  \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627.  \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    \u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062f\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646. \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 [3]. \u0648\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a  \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637 . \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0628\u064a  (1889-1975) \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a [4] \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 [3].  \u062d\u0638\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a [metaphors) [5). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0644 (Pieter Geyl) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647 “\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u064f\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064e\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e” (\u201cmetaphysical speculations dressed up as history\u201d) [6]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644  \u0632\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648\u0646\u0643\u0629<\/a><\/a><\/a> (1913-1999) [7] \u0628\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062c. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645. \u0641\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 (\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629…) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.  \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0649 \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064d \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u0646\u0643\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f [8]. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a. \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0636 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/div>\n\n\n\n
    \"\"<\/figure>
    \n

    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0647\u0645\u0643<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

    \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a -1<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

    <\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0647\u064f\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0646 ((Huntington) [9. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629… \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064e \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064e \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u062f. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628. \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0634\u0628\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0631(1880-1936) [10] \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a) \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a [11]. \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u0628\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0631 [10] \u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0623\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648…\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646  \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 !<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062f\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u0628\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645. \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0628\u062b \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0634\u0628\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062f\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627. \u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u063a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

    \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629  [12] \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629. \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u064f\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0646 [9]. \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u063a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627. \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648 …\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629) \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0641\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621. \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621.    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 (\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629….) \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/div>\n\n\n\n
    1. William A. Haviland, Harald E.L. Prins, Bunny McBride, Dana Walrath, Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge<\/em>. Cengage Learning; 14 edition, 2013, p.250. <\/li>
    2. Fern\u00e1ndez-Armesto, Felipe, Civilizations: Culture, Ambition, and the Transformation of Nature<\/em>, Simon and Schuster, 2001.<\/li>
    3. Sanduk M, Growth of science under the influence in Arabic-Islamic and Western Civilisations, 700-1900 (Statistical Models),<\/em> Pittsburgh University, Philosophy of science archive, 2012. http:\/\/philsci-archive.pitt.edu\/9012\/<\/a><\/li>
    4. Toynbee A, Study of History, The Breakdowns of Civilization<\/em>, 1939, Vol. V, p.37.  <\/li>
    5. Bod R, A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present<\/em>, 2013, Lynn Richards (Translator), Oxford University Press, p.262.<\/li>
    6. Geyl P, Arnold Toynbee and Pitirim Sorkin, The pattern of past: can we determine it<\/em>? Greenwood, 1949.<\/li>
    7. Hunke S, <\/em>Allahs Sonne \u00fcber dem Abendland: unser arabisches Erbe<\/em>, Fischer Taschenbuch, Vlg. 2001.<\/li>
    8. Toynbee A, An Historian\u2019s Approach To Religion<\/em>, Oxford University Press, London, 1956, pp.193-203.<\/li>
    9. Huntington S, \u2018The Clash of Civilization?\u2019, Foreign Affairs<\/em>, 1993<\/li>
    10. Spengler O, The Decline of the West.<\/em> Ed. Arthur Helps, and Helmut Werner. Trans. Charles F. Atkinson. Preface Hughes, H. Stuart. New York, Oxford UP, 1991.<\/li>
    11. Pannekoek A, The theory of the collapse of capitalism<\/em>, Ratekorredspondenz<\/em>,<\/em> June 1934. Translated<\/em>: by Adam Buick in Capital and Class<\/em>, Spring 1977; https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/pannekoe\/1934\/collapse.htm<\/a><\/li>
    12. Sanduk M., \u2018Is the Technology a New Way of Thinking<\/em>?\u2019, The Journal of Technology Studies<\/em>, Volume XXXVIII, Number 2,  2012. http:\/\/scholar.lib.vt.edu\/ejournals\/JOTS\/v38\/v38n2\/sanduk.html<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/div>\n\n\n\n
      <\/div>\n\n\n\n
      \"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
      <\/div>\n\n\n\n
      \n
      \"\"
      \u0623\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a: \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
      <\/div>\n\n\n\n
      <\/div>\n\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"\"
      \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
      <\/div>\n\n\n\n
      <\/div>\n\n\n\n
      \"\"
      \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0634\u0628\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0631: \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0636 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u064f\u0631\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1364,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[5],"tags":[26],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/almuslih.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1362"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/almuslih.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/almuslih.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/almuslih.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/almuslih.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1362"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/almuslih.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1362\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1381,"href":"https:\/\/almuslih.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1362\/revisions\/1381"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/almuslih.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1364"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/almuslih.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1362"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/almuslih.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1362"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/almuslih.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1362"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}